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spa < Spa, health resort in Belgium < walloon espa (= spring, fountain).

space < middle english space < old french espace (= period, distance, interval) < latin spatium (= room, area, distance).

spade (= tool for digging) < old english spadu < proto-germanic *spadan.

spade (= black figure on playing cards) < (?) italian spade, plural of spada (= sword, spade) < latin spatha (= broad) < ancient greek σπάθη | spathē (= broad blade).

spaghetti < italian spaghetti, plural of spaghetto (= string), a diminutive of spago (= cord).

Spain < middle english Spain < anglo-french Espayne < late latin Spania < latin Hispania < ancient greek ‘Ισπανία | ^hIspania (= Spain) < (?) celt-iberian origin.

spald < middle english spald (= to splinter, chip) < (?) middle dutch spalden (= to split).

spam < (?) spiced ham < middle english spice (< old french espice < late latin species (= spices, goods) < latin species (= kind, sort)) + old english hamm (= bend of the knee) (< proto-germanic *hamma-).

span < old english spannan (= to join, link, fasten) < proto-germanic *spannan.

spangle < middle english spangle, a diminutive of spang (= glittering ornament) < (?) middle dutch spange (= brooch, clasp) < proto-germanic *spango.

spaniel < middle english spaniel < old french [chien] espagneul (= spanish [dog]) < vulgar latin *Hispaniolus (= of Spain) < a diminutive of latin Hispanus (= Spanish) < Hispania < ancient greek ‘Ισπανία | ^hIspania (= Spain) < (?) celt-iberian origin.

Spanish < middle english Spainisc < Spaine (= Spain) < old french Espaigne (= Spain) < latin Hispania < ancient greek ‘Ισπανία | ^hIspania (= Spain) < (?) celt-iberian origin.

spanner < german Spanner < spannen (= to join, fasten) < proto-germanic *spannan.

spar (= pole) < middle english spar (= stout pole) < middle low german / middle dutch sparre < proto-germanic *sparron.

spar (= go into box-training) < middle english spar (= go quickly, to strike) < (?) middle french esparer (= to kick) < italian sparare (= to fling) < latin ex- (= out) + paro [inf. parare] (= make ready, prepare).

spare < old english sparian (= refrain from harming, allow to go free) < proto-germanic *sparaz.

spark < old english spearca (= glowing particle thrown off) < proto-germanic *spark-.

sparkle < middle english sparkle (= shine giving off sparks) < middle english sparke.

sparrow < old english spearwa < proto-germanic *sparwan {> old norse spörr, gothic sparwa, old high german sparo, german Sperling} < I.E. *spor-wo-.

sparse < latin sparsus, past participle of spargo [inf. spargere] (= to scatter, spread, shower).

Sparta < ancient greek Σπάρτη | Spartē < (?) 1. σπαρτή | spartē, female of σπαρτός | spartos (= sown) or 2. σπάρτον | sparton (= spanish rush), a type of broom.

spasm < middle english spasm < old french spasme < latin spasmus < ancient greek σπασμός | spasmos (= spasm, convulsion) < σπω | spō (= draw up, tear away).

spastic < latin spasticus < ancient greek σπαστικός | spastikos (= afflicted with spasms) < σπω | spō (= draw up, tear away).

spate < middle english spate (= a sudden flood) < (?) old french espoit (= flood) < dutch spuiten (= to flow).

spatial < latin spatium (= room, area, distance).

spatula < latin spatula (= broad piece), a diminutive of spatha (= broad) < ancient greek σπάθη | spathē (= broad blade).

spawn < middle english spawn < anglo-french espaundre / old french espandre (= to spread out, pour out) < latin expando [inf. expandere] (= to spread out, unfold) < ex (= out) + pando [inf. pandere] (= to spread, stretch).

spay < middle english spay < anglo-french espeier (= cut with a sword) < middle french espeer < old french espee (= sword) < latin spatha (= broad) < ancient greek σπάθη | spathē (= broad blade).

speak < old english specan < sprecan < proto-germanic *sprekanan {> old norse spraki, middle dutch spreken, old high german sprehhan, german sprechen} < I.E. *spreg-₍₁₎ (= to speak).

spear < old english spere (= spear, javelin, lance) < proto-germanic *spero.

special < middle english special < old french (e)special (= special, particular) < latin specialis (= individual, particular) < species (= sort, kind, appearance).

species < middle english species < latin species (= sort, kind, appearance) < I.E. *spek- (= to observe).

spectacle < middle english spectacle < old french spectacle < latin spectaculum (= public show, spectacle) < specto [inf. spectare] (= to view, watch) < specio [inf. specere] (= to look at) < I.E. *spek- (= to observe).

spectrum < latin spectrum (= appearance, image, specter) < specio [inf. specere] (= to look at) < I.E. *spek- (= to observe).

speculation < middle english speculation < old french speculacion < late latin speculatio (= contemplation, observation) < latin speculatus, past participle of speculor [inf. speculari] (= observe) < specio [inf. specere] (= to look at) < I.E. *spek- (= to observe).

speculum < latin speculum (= reflector, looking-glass, mirror, imitation) < specio [inf. specere] (= to look at) < I.E. *spek- (= to observe).

speech < old english spæc (= act of speaking, statement, discourse) < spræc (= act of speaking) < proto-germanic *sp(r)ek- {> danish sprog, dutch spraak, german Sprache}.

speed < old english sped (= success, prosperity, luck) < proto-germanic *spodiz.

spell < middle english spell < old english spellian (= to tell, speak) < proto-germanic *spellam.

spelunk < middle english spelunk < old french spelonque / latin spelunca (= cave) < ancient greek σπήλυγξ | spēlygx (= cave, cavern) < σπήλος | spēlos (= cave).

Spencer < middle english Spencer < anglo-french espencer / old french despencier (= dispenser, butler, steward) < despense (= larder) < despenser (= distribute) < latin dispenso [inf. dispensare] (= distribute) < dis- (= out) + pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang).

spend < old english -spendan < medieval latin spendo [inf. spendere] < latin expendo [inf. expendere] (= pay down) / dispendo [inf. dispendere] (= to pay out) < ex (= out) / dis- (= out) + pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang).

sperm < middle english sperm < (?) old french esperme < late latin sperma (= seed, semen) < ancient greek σπέρμα | sperma (= seed, sown) < σπείρω | spoerō (= to sow).

spermaceti < middle english spermaceti < medieval latin sperma ceti (= sperm of whale) < latin sperma (= seed, semen) (< ancient greek σπέρμα | sperma (= seed, sown) < σπείρω | spoerō (= to sow)) + cetus [gen. ceti] (= whale) (< ancient greek κήτος | kētos (= whale)).

spermatozoon < ancient greek σπέρμα | sperma [gen. σπέρματος | spermatos] (= seed, sown) (< σπείρω | spoerō (= to sow)) + ζώον | zōon (= animal).

spew < old english spiwan (= spew, spit) < proto-germanic *spiew-.

sphere < middle english sphere < spere < anglo-french espiere / old french espere < latin sphaera (= globe, ball, celestial sphere) < ancient greek σφαίρα | sphaera (= globe, ball, terrestrial globe).

sphinx < latin Sphinx < ancient greek Σφιγξ | Sphigx, a mythological monster.

spice < middle english spice < old french espice < late latin species (= spices, goods) < latin species (= kind, sort)

spider < middle english spither / spydyr < spiþer / spiþre / spiþur < old english spiðra < proto-germanic *spin-thron- (= spinner).

spiel < german spielen (= to play) < old high german spilon.

spill < old english spillan (= destroy, kill, waste) < spildan (= destroy) < proto-germanic *spilthjan.

spin < old english spinnan < proto-germanic *spenwan.

spinach < middle english spinach < anglo-french spinache / old french espinache < old provençal espinarc < (?) catalan espinac < arabic isbinakh < isbanakh < persian aspanakh (= spinach).

spinal < late latin spinalis (= of thorn, of spine) < latin spina (= thorn, prickle, backbone).

spindle < middle english spindle < old english spinel (= instrument for spinning) < spinnan < proto-germanic *spenwan.

spine < middle english spine < old french espine (= thorn, prickle, backbone) < latin spina (= thorn, prickle, backbone).

spinster < middle english spinster < middle english spinnen (= spin fibers into thread) + [suffix] -stere.

spiral < middle french spiral < medieval latin spiralis (= coiling) < latin spira (= coil, fold, twist) < ancient greek σπείρα | spoera (= a winding, coil, twist).

spire < old english spir (= sprout, spike, blade) < proto-germanic *spiraz.

spirit < middle english spirit < anglo-french spirit / old french espirit (= spirit, soul) < latin spiritus (= a breathing, breath of a god).

spit (= expel saliva) < old english spittan / spætan < proto-germanic *spitjan.

spit (= rod for roasting meat) < old english spitu (= a spit) < proto-germanic *spituz.

spite < middle english spite, a shortening of despit (= malice) < old french despit < latin despectus, past participle of despicio [inf. despicere] (= look down on, scorn) < de (= off, down from) + specio [inf. specere] / spicio [inf. spicere] (= to look at, watch).

spleen < middle english spleen < old french esplen < latin splen < ancient greek σπλην | splēn (= the milt, spleen).

splendid < (?) a shortening of splendidious < latin splendidus (= bright, shining, gorgeous) < splendeo [inf. splendere] (= be bright, shine).

splice < middle dutch splissen (= to splice) < proto-germanic *spli-.

splint < middle english splint < (?) middle low german splinte / splente (= thin piece of iron).

split < (?) low german source < proto-germanic *spleitanan < I.E. *(s)plei- (= to split, splice).

spoil < middle english spoil < old french espillier (= to strip, plunder) < latin spolio [inf. spoliare] (= to strip, uncover, rob) < spolia, plural of spolium (= arms taken from an enemy, booty).

spoke < old english spaca (= radius) < proto-germanic *spaikon.

spondyle < french spondyle < latin spondylus < ancient greek σπόνδυλος | spondhylos (= vertebra).

sponge < old english sponge / spunge < latin spongia (= sponge) < ancient greek σπογγία | spoggia (= sponge), related to σπόγγος | spoggos (= sponge).

sponsor < late latin sponsor (= sponsor in baptism) < latin sponsor (= guarantee, bondsman) < sponsus, past participle of spondeo [inf. spondere] (= give assurance).

spontaneous < late latin spontaneus (= willing) < latin [sua] sponte (= of [one's] own accord, willingly), ablative of spons [gen. spontis] (= of own, self).

spook < dutch spook < middle dutch spooc (= spook, ghost).

spool < middle english spool < old french (e)spole (= spool) < middle dutch spoele (= spool) < proto-germanic *spolon.

spoon < old english spon (= sliver, splinter of wood) < proto-germanic *spe-nu-.

spoor < afrikaans spoor < dutch spoor < middle dutch spor < proto-germanic *spur-am.

sporadic < medieval latin sporadicus < ancient greek σποραδικός | sporadhikos (= scattered) < σποράς | sporas [gen. σποράδος | sporadhos] (= scattered, dispersed) < σπορά | spora (= a sowing) < σπείρω | spοerō (= to sow).

spore < modern latin spora < ancient greek σπορά | spora (= a sowing) < σπείρω | spοerō (= to sow).

sport < middle english sport < old french de(s)porter (= to amuse, please, play) < des- (= away) + porter (= to carry) < latin dis- (= away), porto [inf. portare] (= to carry).

spot < middle english spot < old english splott (= a spot, blot, patch) / middle dutch spotte (= spot, speck).

spouse < middle english spouse < old french spouse, female of spous (= marriage partner) < espous / espouse < latin sponsus (= bridegroom) < sponsus, past participle of spondeo [inf. spondere] (= to bind, give assurance).

spout < middle english spout < proto-germanic *sput-.

sprawl < old english spreawlian (= move convulsively).

spray < middle dutch sprayen < proto-germanic *sprewjan.

spread < middle english spread < (?) old english sprædan (= to spread, extend) < proto-germanic *spreit-.

spring (season of the year) < middle english spring (= time of springing, first appearance, beginning).

spring (= source of water) < old english spring (= spring, source, sprinkling) < spring (= to leap) < old english springan (= to leap, burst forth, spread, grow) < proto-germanic *sprengan.

spring (= to leap) < old english springan (= to leap, burst forth, spread, grow) < proto-germanic *sprengan.

sprinkle < middle english sprinkle < 1. sprenge < proto-germanic *sprengan or 2. middle dutch / middle low german sprenkel (= spot, speck).

sprint < (?) sprenten (= to leap, spring) < scandinavian source.

sprit < old english spreot (= pole, pike, spear) < proto-germanic *sprut-.

sprout < old english -sprutan < proto-germanic *sprut-.

spruce (= fir-tree) < spruse (= of Prussian [wood]) < Spruce / Sprws (= Prussia) < old french Pruce (= Prussia).

spruce (= neat, smart) < spruce [leather] (= of Prussian [leather]) < Spruce / Sprws (= Prussia) < old french Pruce (= Prussia).

spume < middle english spume < old french spume < latin spuma (= foam).

spunk < scottish spunk < gaelic spong (= tinder, sponge) < latin spongia (= sponge) < ancient greek σπογγία | spoggia (= sponge), related to σπόγγος | spoggos (= sponge).

spur < old english spora / spura < proto-germanic *spuron.

spurious < latin spurius (= illegitimate, false) < spurius (= illegitimate child) < (?) etruscan spural (= public).

spurn < old english spurnan (= to kick, strike against) < proto-germanic *spurnon.

sputnik < russian sputnik (= traveling companion, satellite) < old church slavonic supotiniku < s(o)- (= with) + put’ (= way) + [suffix] -nik.

sputum < latin sputum, neuter past participle of spuero [inf. spuere] (= to spit).

spy < middle english spy < old french espiier (= observe, spy on) < (?) frankish *spehon < proto-germanic *spehon-.

spyware < [2000] spy + software.

squad < french esquade < middle french escadre < spanish escuadra / italian squadra (= square, battalion) < vulgar latin *exquadra < *exquadro [inf. exquadrare] (= to square) < latin ex (= out) + quadro [inf. quadrare] (= make square) (< quadrus (= square) < I.E. *kwetwer- (= four)).

squalid < middle french squalide < latin squalidus (= rough, filthy).

square < middle english square < old french esquire (= square, squareness) < vulgar latin *exquadra < *exquadro [inf. exquadrare] (= to square) < latin ex (= out) + quadro [inf. quadrare] (= make square) (< quadrus (= square) < I.E. *kwetwer- (= four)).

squash < middle english squachen < old french esquasser / escasser (= to crush, destroy) < vulgar latin *exquasso [inf. exquassare] < latin ex (= out) + quasso [inf. quassare] (= to shatter).

squat < middle english squat < old french esquatir / escatir (= compress, press down) < es- (= out) (< latin ex (= out)) + old french quatir (= press down, flatten) (< vulgar latin *coacto [inf. coactire] (= press together, force) < latin coactus, past participle of cogo [inf. cogere] (= to compel, collect) < cum (= with) + ago [inf. agere] (= drive, lead, act).

squeeze < (?) quease < old english cwysan (= to squeeze) < (?) imitative origin.

squirrel < middle english squirrel < anglo-french esquirel / old french escurueil < vulgar latin *scuriolus, a diminutive of *scurius (= squirrel) < latin sciurus < ancient greek σκίουρος | skiouros (= squirrel) < σκιά | skia (= shadow) + ουρά | oura (= tail) [so called because it can make a shadow to itself with its large tail].

squirt < middle english squyrten (= to spit) < (?) imitative origin.

Sri Lanka < sanskrit sri (= beauty) + Lanka, the older name of the island.

stab < middle english stab < scottish stob (= to pierce, stab) < (?) stub (= stake, nail).

stable (= a stable) < middle english stable < old french (e)stable (= a stable, stall) < latin stabulum (= a stall, aviary, cottage).

stable (= reliable) < middle english stable < old french (e)stable (= constant) < latin stabilis (= firm, steadfast).

staccato < italian staccato, past participle of staccare (= to detach), a shortening of distaccare (= separate, detach) < middle french destacher < old french destachier (= to detach) < des- (< latin dis- (= out)) + attachier (= to attach, fix) (< a- (< latin ad (= to) + (?) frankish *stakon (= a post, stake)).

stack < middle english stack (= pile, heap) < scandinavian source < proto-germanic *stakon- (= a stake).

stadium < middle english stadium < latin stadium < ancient greek στάδιον | stadhion (= a measure of length, race-course, running track).

staff < old english stæf (= walking stick, pole for carrying, rod as a weapon, pastoral staff) < proto-germanic *stab- < I.E. *stebh- (= to post, support, fasten).

stag < middle english stag < old english stagga (= a stag) < proto-germanic *stag- < I.E. *stegh- (= to stick, sting).

stage < middle english stage < old french estage (= building) < vulgar latin *staticum (= place for standing) < latin statum, past participle of sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stagger < middle english stagger < proto-germanic *stakon- (= a stake).

stagnate < latin stagnatus, past participle of stagno [inf. stagnare] (= to stagnate) < stagnatum (= standing water, pond, swamp).

stain < middle english stain < a merge of old norse steina (= to paint) + middle english disteynen (= to discolor) (< old french desteindre (= remove the color) < des- (< latin dis- (= out)) + old french teindre (= to dye) < latin tingo [inf. tingere] (= to color, dye)).

stair < old english stæger (= stair, flight of steps, staircase) < proto-germanic *staigri {> dutch steiger, german Steig} < I.E. *steigh- (= go, step, walk).

stake < old english staca (= pin, stake) < proto-germanic *stakon < I.E. *steg-₍₁₎ (= pole, stick).

stalactite < modern latin stalactites < ancient greek σταλακτός | stalaktos (= dripping) < σταλάσσω | stalassō (= to trickle).

stalagmite < modern latin stalagmites < ancient greek σταλαγμός | stalaghmos (= a dropping) < σταλάσσω | stalassō (= to trickle).

stale < middle english stale < old french estale (= settled, clear) < estal (= place, fixed position) < frankish *stal- (= position) < proto-germanic *stol- < I.E. *stel- (= to put, stand).

stalk < middle english stalk < (?) a diminutive of stale (= handle, stalk) < old english stalu (= wooden part) < proto-germanic *stalla-.

stall (= place in a stable) < old english steall (= standing place, position) < proto-germanic *stalli-.

stall (= delay) < stale (= bird used to lure other birds) < anglo-french estale (= decoy, pigeon used to lure a hawk) < old french estal (= place, stand) < frankish *stal- (= position) < germanic source.

stallion < middle english stallion < staloun < anglo-french estaloun / old french estalon (= stallion) < frankish *stal < proto-germanic *stol- < I.E. *stel- (= to put, stand).

stamen < modern latin stamen < latin stamen [gen. staminis] (= thread, warp, stamen).

stamina < latin stamina (= threads), plural of stamen [gen. staminis] (= thread, warp, stamen).

stammer < old english stamerian (= to stammer) < proto-germanic *stamro-.

stamp < old english stempan (= to pound in a mortar) < proto-germanic *stamp-.

stance < (?) middle french stance (= resting place, harbor) < vulgar latin *stantia (= place, abode) < latin stans [gen. stantis], present participle of sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stanch < middle english stanch < old french estanchier (= stop, hinder) < vulgar latin *stanco [inf. stancare] < (?) *stagnico [inf. stagnicare] < latin stagnum (= pond, pool).

stanchion < middle english stanchion < old french estanchon (= prop, brace, support) < (?) estant (= upright) < estant, present participle of ester (= be upright, stand) < latin sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stand < old english standan (= occupy a place, stand firm, stay) < proto-germanic *standanan.

standard < middle english standard < 1. old french estandart (= military standard, banner) [so called because the banner was fixed to a pole stuck in the ground] < (?) frankish *standhard (= stand fast, stand firm) [as a compound of unrecorded words cognate stand + hard] or 2. old french estendre (= to stretch out) < latin extendo [inf. extendere] < ex (= out) + tendo [inf. tendere] (= to stretch).

staple (= bent piece of metal) < middle english staple < old english stapol (= post, pillar) < proto-germanic *stapulaz (= pillar).

staple (= principal article grown in a country) < middle english staple < anglo-frenche staple / old french estaple (= counter, stall, depot) < germanic source.

star < old english steorra (= star) < proto-germanic *sternan- {> old norse stjarna, swedish stjerna, danish stierne, dutch ster, german Stern} < I.E. *ster-₍₂₎ (= star) {> ancient greek αστήρ | astēr}.

starch < middle english starch < old english *st(i)ercan (= make rigid) < proto-germanic *starkjan (= make hard).

stare < old english starian (= to stare, gaze) < proto-germanic *staren (= be rigid).

stark < old english stearc (= stiff, strong, hard) < proto-germanic *starka-.

start < old english *stiertan / *steortian < styrtan (= to leap up) < proto-germanic *stert-.

starve < old english steorfan (= become stiff, die) < proto-germanic *sterbanan (= be stiff, starve).

state < middle english state < old french estat (= position, condition, status) < latin status (= a station, position, place) < sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stater < middle english stater < ancient greek στατήρ | statēr < ‘ίσταμαι | ^histamae (= cause to stand, fix, place in a balance) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

static < modern latin statica < ancient greek στατικός | statikos (= causing to stand) < ‘ίσταμαι | ^histamae (= cause to stand, fix, place in a balance) < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

station < middle english station < old french (e)stacion (= site, location) < latin statio (= a standing, post, position) < I.E. *steti- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

statistics < german Statistik < modern latin statisticum [collegium] (= [lecture course] on state affairs) < italian statista (= a skilled in statecraft) < latin status (= a station, position, place) < sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

statue < old french (e)statue < latin statua (= image, statue) < statuo [inf. statuere] (= cause to stand, set up) < status (= a station, position, place) < sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

status < latin status (= a station, position, place) < sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

status quo < latin status quo (= the state in which, existing state of affairs) < latin status (= a station, position, place) (< sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm)) + quo (= who, which).

statute < middle english statute < old french (e)statut < late latin statutum (= a law, decree) < statuo [inf. statuere] (= cause to stand, set up) < status (= a station, position, place) < sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

staunch < middle english staunch < old french estanche, female of estanc (= firm, vanquished, water-tight) < vulgar latin *stantico [inf. stanticare] < (?) latin stans [gen. stantis], present participle of sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stave < middle english staves, plural of staff < old english stæf (= walking stick, pole for carrying, rod as a weapon, pastoral staff) < proto-germanic *stab- < I.E. *stebh- (= to post, support, fasten).

stay (= stand) < middle english stay < old french estare (= to stay, stand) < latin sto [inf. stare] (= to stand) < I.E. *ste-tu- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stay (= strong rope) < old english stæg (= rope to support a ship’s mast) < proto-germanic *stagaz.

stead < old english stede (= place, position, standing) < proto-germanic *stadi- < I.E. *steti- < *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

steak < middle english steak < (?) scandinavian source < proto-germanic *staiko-.

steal < old english stelan (= to rob) < proto-germanic *stelanan {> old norse stela, dutch stelen, german stehlen}.

stealth < middle english stealth < (?) old english *stælþ < proto-germanic *stælitho.

steam < old english steam (= vapor, fume) < proto-germanic *staumaz.

steed < old english steda (= stallion, stud horse) < proto-germanic *stodjon.

steel < old english style (= steel) < proto-germanic *stakhlijan (= made of steel) {> old norse stal, swedish stål, danish staal, dutch staal, german Stahl} < I.E. *stek-lo- < *stak- (= to stand, be firm).

steep (= to soak in a liquid) < old english steep < proto-germanic *staupijanan.

steep (= having a sharp slope) < old english steap (= high, lofty, deep) < proto-germanic *staupa-.

steeple < old english st(i)epel (= high tower) < proto-germanic *staupilaz.

steer (= young ox) < old english steor (= bullock) < proto-germanic *steuraz.

steer (= guide) < old english st(i)eran (= steer, guide, direct) < proto-germanic *steurjanan.

stele < ancient greek στήλη | stēlē (= standing block, slab).

stell < old english stellan (= to place, put, set) < proto-germanic *staljanan.

Stella < latin stella (= star) < I.E. *sterla- < *ster-₍₂₎ (= star).

stellar < late latin stellaris (= of a star, starry) < stella (= star) < I.E. *sterla- < *ster-₍₂₎ (= star) {> ancient greek αστήρ | astēr}.

stem < old english stemn / stefn (= stem of a plant, trunk) < proto-germanic *stamniz < I.E. *sta- (= to stand, make firm).

stem (= hold back) < middle english stem < proto-germanic *stamjan.

stench < old english stenc (= a smell, odor, scent) < proto-germanic *stankwiz.

stencil < (?) middle english stencellen (= decorate with bright colors) < middle french estenceler (= cover with sparkles or stars) < estencele (= spark, spangle) < vulgar latin *stincilla < latin scintilla (= spark).

stenography < ancient greek στενός | stenos (= narrow) + -γραφία | -graphia (= a writing) (< γράφω | graphō (= write, draw)).

stentorian < ancient greek Στέντωρ | Stentōr, a hero in the Trojan War [with powerful voice as loud as 50 men].

step < old english steppan / stæppan (= take a step) < west germanic *stap- (= tread) < I.E. *stebh- (= post, stem, to support).

Stephanie < female of Stephen (q.v.).

Stephen < latin Stephanus < ancient greek Στέφανος | Stephanos < στέφανος | stephanos (= crown, wreath, crown of victory) < στέφω | stephō (= to encircle, crown).

steppe < german steppe < russian step’.

stereo < a shortening of stereotype / stereoscope / stereophonic.

sterile < middle english sterile (= barren) < middle french stérile (= not producing fruit) < latin sterilis (= barren, unproductive, unfruitful).

sterling < middle english sterling (= silver penny) < (?) 1. middle english sterre (= star) [from the stars designed on this coin] + [suffix] -ling or 2. old french estedre (= stater).

stern < old english styrne (= severe, strict) < proto-germanic *sternjaz.

sternum < ancient greek στέρνον | sternon (= chest, breast, breastbone).

stethoscope < french stéthoscope < ancient greek στήθος | stēthos (= chest, breast) + σκοπώ | scopō (= watch, examine).

Steven < Stephen < latin Stephanus < ancient greek Στέφανος | Stephanos < στέφανος | stephanos (= crown, wreath, crown of victory) < στέφω | stephō (= to encircle, crown).

stew < middle english stew < old french estuver (= have a hot bath) < (?) vulgar latin *extufo [inf. extufare] (= evaporate) < ex (= out) + *tufus (= vapor, steam) (< ancient greek τύφος | typhos (= smoke)).

steward < old english stiward / stigweard (= house guardian, housekeeper) < stig (= hall, part of a house) + weard (= guard) (< proto-germanic *wardaz (= guard)).

stick < old english stician (= to pierce, transfix) < proto-germanic *stik- (= pierce, prick).

stickler < stickle (= mediate) < (?) middle english stighten (= to arrange) < old english stihtan (= to rule, direct) < (?) proto-germanic *stihtan.

stiff < old english stif (= inflexible, rigid) < proto-germanic *stifaz (= inflexible).

stifle < middle english stifle (= to choke, suffocate) < (?) old french estouffer (= to stifle, smother) < (?) germanic source.

stigma < latin stigma < ancient greek στίγμα | stighma (= mark, puncture, tattoo-mark) < στίζω | stizō (= to mark, tattoo).

stile < old english stigel / stile (= ladder) < proto-germanic *stig- (= to climb).

stiletto < italian stiletto, a diminutive of stilo (= dagger) < latin stilus (= pointed instrument for writing).

still < old english stille (= motionless, stable) < proto-germanic *stilli-.

stilt < middle english stilt (= a crutch) < proto-germanic *steltijon.

stimulation < latin stimulatio (= incitement) < stimulo [inf. stimulare] (= prick, urge) < stimulus (= spur, goad, sting).

sting < old english stingan (= stab, pierce, prick) < proto-germanic *stingan.

stink < old english stincan (= emit a smell, exhale) < proto-germanic *stankwiz.

stint < old english styntan (= blunt, make dull) < proto-germanic *stuntijanan.

stipend < middle english stipend < latin stipendium (= tax, tribute, pay) < stips (= small payment, gift) + pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang, weigh, pay).

stipple < dutch stippelen (= to make points) < stippen (= to prick) < stip (= a point).

stipulation < latin stipulatio < stipulor [inf. stipulari] (= exact a promise, engage) < stipula (= stalk of hay, straw).

stipule < french stipule < latin stipula (= stalk of hay, straw).

stir < old english styrian (= to stir, move, urge) < proto-germanic *sturjan.

stirrup < old english stigrap < stige (= a climbing, ascent) + rap (= rope).

stitch < old english stice (= a prick, puncture, sting) < proto-germanic *stikiz.

stochastic < ancient greek στοχαστικός | stokhastikos (= able to guess, conjecturing) < στοχάζομαι | stokhazomae (= to guess, aim at, conjecture) < στόχος | stokhos (= a guess, aim, target).

stock < old english stocc (= stump, post, stake, log) < proto-germanic *stauk- (= tree trunk).

stockade < spanish estacada < estaca (= stake) < germanic source.

Stockholm < swedish Stockholm < [stock (= stake) / stäk (= bay)] + holm (= island).

stoic < middle english stoic < latin stoicus < ancient greek Στωικός | Stōikos, a kind of philosopher < στωικός | stōikos (= of a porch) < στοά | stoa (= porch) [a specific porch in Athens, where philosopher Zeno taught].

stoke < stoker < dutch stoken (= to stoke) < middle dutch stoken (= to poke, thrust) < proto-germanic *stok- (= pierce, prick).

stole < old english stole (= long robe) < latin stola (= robe, vestment) < ancient greek στολή | stolē (= long robe) < στέλλω | stellō (= to place, array, send).

stolidity < middle french stolidite < late latin stoliditas (= dullness, stupidity) < latin stolidus (= dull, slow, stupid).

stomach < middle english stomach < stomake < old french stomaque / estomac (= stomach) < latin stomachus < ancient greek στόμαχος | stomachos (= throat, gullet) < στόμα | stoma (= mouth) + έχω | ekhō (= have).

stone < old english stan < proto-germanic *stainaz {> old norse steinn, danish steen, dutch steen, gothic stains, german Stein} < I.E. *stoi-no- < *stai- (= stone).

Stonehenge < middle english Stanenges (= stone gallows) [(?) so called from resemblance to old-style gallows with two posts].

stool < old english stol (= seat for one person) < proto-germanic *stola-.

stoop < old english stupian (= to bend) < proto-germanic *stup-.

stop < old english -stoppian < west germanic source.

store < middle english store < old french estorer (= erect, construct, restore) < latin instauro [inf. instaurare] (= set up, establish, restore, store) < in (= into) + -stauro [inf. -staurare] (= to stand).

stork < old english storc < proto-germanic *sturkaz.

storm < old english storm < proto-germanic *sturmaz (= storm) {> old norse stormr, dutch storm, german Sturm}.

story (= narration) < middle english story < old french estorie / estoire (= story, history) < late latin storia < latin historia (= history, tale, story) < ancient greek ‘ιστορία | ^historia (= history) < ‘ίστωρ | ^histōr (= knowledgeable, judge) < stem ‘ίσ- | ^his- of οίδα | oeda (= know) < I.E. *weid- (= see).

story (= floor) < middle english story < anglo-latin historia (= floor of a building, picture) [(?) so called because of the decorated front of buildings with rows of painted windows] < latin historia (= history, tale, story) < ancient greek ‘ιστορία | ^historia (= history) < ‘ίστωρ | ^histōr (= knowledgeable, judge) [< stem ‘ίσ- | ^his- of οίδα | oeda (= know) < I.E. *weid- (= see).

stoup < middle english stoup (= jug) < proto-germanic *staupo-.

stour < middle english stour < anglo-french estur / old french estour (= conflict, assault, battle) < proto-germanic *sturmaz (= storm).

stout < middle english stout < old french estout (= brave, proud) < estolt (= strong) < west germanic *stult- (= proud).

stove < middle english stove (= heated room, bath-room) < 1. middle low german / middle dutch stove (= heated room) < west germanic source or 2. vulgar latin *extufo [inf. extufare] (= evaporate) < ex (= out) + *tufus (= vapor, steam) (< ancient greek τύφος | typhos (= smoke)).

stow < middle english stow (= to put, place) < old english stow (= a place, spot) < proto-germanic *stowo-.

strabismus < ancient greek στραβισμός | strabhismos < στραβίζω | strabhizō (= to squint) < στραβός | strabhos (= squinting, squint-eyed).

straddle < (?) middle english striddle < striden < proto-germanic *stridanan.

strafe < german strafen (= to punish) < proto-germanic *stræf-.

straggle < middle english straggle < (?) middle english straken (= to move, go).

straight < middle english straight < old english streht, past participle of streccan (= to stretch).

strain (= pressure) < middle english strain (= tie, bind) < old french estreindre (= bind tightly, squeeze) < latin stringo [inf. stringere] (= draw tight, bind tight).

strain (= lineage) < middle english strain < old english strion / streon (= a gain, treasure) < proto-germanic *streu-nam- (= to pile up).

strait < middle english strait (= narrow, strict) < old french estreit / estrait (= tight, narrow) < latin strictus, past participle of stringo [inf. stringere] (= bind tight, draw tight).

strand (= beach) < old english strand < proto-germanic *strandaz.

strand (= fiber of a string) < middle english strand < (?) germanic source.

strange < middle english strange < old french estrange (= foreign, unfamiliar, curious) < latin extraneus (= foreign, external) < extra (= outside of).

strangle < middle english strangle < old french estrangler (= choke, throttle) < latin strangulare (= to choke, stifle) < ancient greek στραγγαλώ | straggalō (= to choke, twist) < στραγγάλη | straggalē (= a halter, cord, lace).

strap < scottish strap < strope (= loop, strap) < (?) old french estrop (= strap) < latin stroppus (= strap, band) < (?) ancient greek στρόφος | strophos (= twisted band, cord) < στρέφω | strephō (= to turn).

strategy < french stratégie < ancient greek στρατηγία | stratēghia (= command of a general) < στρατηγός | stratēghos (= general, army commander) < στρατός | stratos (= army) + άγω | aghō (= to lead).

strath < scottish strath < old irish srath (= wide river valley) < old celtic *s(t)rato- < I.E. *stere- (= to spread).

stratosphere < french stratosphère (= sphere of layers) < latin stratus (= a spreading out) (< sterno [inf. sternere] (= to spread out)) + french -sphère [as in atmosphere] (< latin sphaera (= globe, ball, celestial sphere) < ancient greek σφαίρα | sphaera (= globe, ball, terrestrial globe)).

stratum < modern latin stratum < latin stratum (= thing spread out, coverlet) < stratum, neuter past participle of sterno [inf. sternere] (= to spread out).

straw < old english streaw < proto-germanic *straw- (= that which is spread) < I.E. *stere- (= to spread).

strawberry < old english streawberige / streaberie < straw (q.v.) + old english berie (= berry, grape) (< proto-germanic *basjom).

stray < middle english stray < old french estraier (= wander about, roam) < estree (= route, high road) < 1. late latin strata < [via] strata (= paved [road]) < latin strata, female past participle of sterno [inf. sternere] (= to spread out) or 2. vulgar latin *estrago [inf. estragare] < *estravago [inf. estravagare] (= wander outside) < latin extra (= outside of) + vagor [inf. vagari] (= wander).

streak < old english strica (= line of motion) < proto-germanic *strikon-.

stream < old english stream (= a course of water) < proto-germanic *strauma- < I.E. *sreu- (= to flow).

street < old english stret / stræt (= street, high road) < late latin strata < [via] strata (= paved [road]) < latin strata, female past participle of sterno [inf. sternere] (= to spread out).

strength < old english strengþu / strengð (= power, force, vigor) < proto-germanic *strangitho.

strenuous < middle english strenuous < latin strenuus (= active, quick, vigorous, keen).

stress < middle english stress < distress < old french estrece (= narrowness, oppression) < vulgar latin *strictia < latin strictus (= tight), past participle of stringo [inf. stringere] (= draw tight).

stretch < old english streccan (= stretch, spread out, extend) < proto-germanic *strakjanan.

strew < old english stre(o)wian (= to scatter) < proto-germanic *strawjan-.

striate < latin striatus, past participle of strio [inf. striare] (= to groove, flute) < latin stria (= furrow, channel, flute of a column).

strict < middle english strict < latin strictus (= tight), past participle of stringo [inf. stringere] (= draw tight).

stride < old english stridan (= to straddle) < proto-germanic *stridanan.

strident < french strident < latin stridens [gen. stridentis], present participle of strid(e)o [inf. stridere] (= to grate, screech).

strife < middle english strife < old french estrif (= fight, combat, conflict) < estrif / estrit (= quarrel, dispute) < (?) frankish *strid (= combat).

strigil < latin strigilis (= scraper, horse-comb) < stringo [inf. stringere] (= touch lightly, strip off, pluck off).

strike < old english strican < proto-germanic *strikan- < I.E. *strig- (= to stroke, press).

string < old english streng (= line, cord, thread) < proto-germanic *strangiz {> old norse strengr, danish streng, dutch streng, german Strang} < *strang- (= taut, stiff) < I.E. *strenk- (= tight, narrow).

strip < middle english strip < old english -striepan / -strypan (= to plunder) < proto-germanic *straupijan.

strip-tease < stripteaser < strip (q.v.) + tease (< old english tæsan (= pluck, pull, tear) < proto-germanic *taisijan).

stripe < middle english stripe < middle dutch / middle low german stripe (= stripe, streak) < proto-germanic *stripan < I.E. *strig- (= to stroke, press).

strive < middle english strive < old french estriver (= to dispute, resist, struggle) < estrif / estrit (= quarrel) < (?) frankish *strid (= combat).

strobe < stroboscope < ancient greek στρόβος | strobhos (= a twisting, whirling) + σκοπός | skopos (= target, watcher) (< σκέπτομαι | skeptomae (= watch, examine, think)).

stroke < old english stracian (= to stroke) < proto-germanic *straik- < I.E. *strig- (= to stroke, press).

strong < old english strang (= powerful, firm) < proto-germanic *strangaz {> old norse strangr, dutch streng, german streng} < (?) I.E. *strenk- (= tight, narrow).

structure < middle english structure < latin structura (= adjustment, building) < structus, past participle of struo [inf. struere] (= to place together, build, assemble).

strudel < german Strudel < old high german stredan (= to bubble, eddy, whirl).

struggle < middle english struggle < (?) 1. old norse strugr (= ill will) or 2. dutch struikelen / german straucheln (= to stumble).

strut < middle english strouten < old english strutian (= stand out stiffly) < proto-germanic *strut-.

Stuart < old english stiward / stigweard (= house guardian, housekeeper) < stig (= hall, part of a house) + weard (= guard) (< proto-germanic *wardaz (= guard)).

stub < old english stybb (= stump of a tree) < proto-germanic *stubjaz.

stubble < middle english stubble < old french estuble (= stubble) < vulgar latin *stupla < latin stipula (= stalk, straw).

stucco < italian stucco < proto-germanic *stukkjam.

stud (= nailhead) < middle english stud < old english studu (= pillar, post) < proto-germanic *stud-.

stud (= horse for breeding) < old english stod (= herd of horses) < proto-germanic *stodo.

student < middle english student < old french estudiant (= student, scholar) < estudiant, past participle of estudiier (= to study) < medieval latin studio [inf. studiare] (= to study) < latin studium (= a study, application) < studeo [inf. studere] (= study, be diligent).

study < middle english study < old french estudiier (= to study, apply, examine) < medieval latin studio [inf. studiare] (= to study) < latin studium (= a study, application) < studeo [inf. studere] (= study, be diligent).

stuff < middle english stuff < old french estoffe (= quilted material, furniture) < estoffer (= to equip, stock) < old high german stopfon (= to plug, stuff).

stump < middle english stump < middle low german stump < proto-germanic *stamp-.

stunt < middle english stunt (= foolish) < old english stunt (= stupid) < proto-germanic *stuntaz (= short).

stupid < middle french stupide < latin stupidus (= amazed, dull, foolish) < stupeo [inf. stupere] (= be stunned, be amazed).

sturdy < middle english sturdy < old french estordi (= violent) < estordi, past participle of estordiir (= to daze, stun) < vulgar latin *exturdio [inf. exturdire] < latin ex (= out) + turdus (= thrush).

sturgeon < middle english sturgeon < anglo-french sturgeon / old french esturjon < frankish *sturjo- < proto-germanic *sturjon-.

stutter < stutt (= to stutter) < middle english stutten (= to stutter, stammer) < proto-germanic *staut- (= push, thrust).

style < middle english stile < old french (e)stile (= style, fashion, manner, stake) < latin stilus (= stake, instrument for writing, mode of expression) [by influence of ancient greek στύλος | stylos (= pillar)].

stylus < latin stilus (= stake, instrument for writing, mode of expression) [by influence of ancient greek στύλος | stylos (= pillar)].

styptic < middle english styptic < old french stiptique / latin stypticus < ancient greek στυπτικός | styptikos (= astringent) < στύφω | styphō (= to constrict, draw together).

suave < middle english suave < latin suavis (= agreeable, sweet, pleasant).

subaltern < middle french subalterne < late latin subalternus < latin sub (= under) + alternus (= every other).

subject < middle english subject < old french subget < latin subjectus, past participle of subjicio [inf. subjicere] (= to throw under, make subject) < sub (= under) + jacio [inf. jacere] (= to throw).

subjugate < middle english subjucate < latin subiugatus, past participle of subjugo [inf. subjugare] (= subdue) < sub (= under) + jugum (= yoke).

sublime < middle french sublime / latin sublimis (= high, lofty, distinguished) < sub (= under) + limen (= lintel, threshold).

submit < middle english submit < latin submitto [inf. submittere] (= to yield, put under) < sub (= under) + mitto [inf. mittere] (= let go, send).

suborn < middle french suborner (= seduce, instigate) < latin suborno [inf. subornare] (= fit out, incite secretly) < sub (= under) + orno [inf. ornare] (= equip).

subscribe < middle english subscribe < latin subscribo [inf. subscribere] (= write underneath, register) < sub (= under) + scribo [inf. scribere] (= to write).

subside < latin subsido [inf. subsidere] (= sit down, sink, fall) < sub (= under) + sido [inf. sidere] (= to settle).

subsist < middle french subsister < latin subsisto [inf. subsistere] (= to stand still, take position) < sub (= under) + sisto [inf. sistere] (= to stand still, remain, place).

substance < middle english substance < old french su(b)stance (= goods, composition) < latin substantia (= being, essence, material) < substans [gen. substantis], present participle of substo [inf. substare] (= stand firm, be present) < sub (= under) + sto [inf. stare] (= to stand).

substitution < middle english substitution < middle french substitution / late latin substitutio (= a putting in place of another) < latin substituo [inf. substituere] (= put in place of another) < sub (= under) + statuo [inf. statuere] (= set up).

subtle < middle english subtle < sotil (= penetrating, intricate) < old french so(u)til, subtil (= adept, wise, detailed) < latin subtilis (= thin, delicate, finely woven) < sub (= under) + tela (= web, warp of a fabric).

subtraction < middle english subtraction < late latin subtraction (= a drawing back) < latin subtraho [inf. subtrahere] (= take away, draw off) < sub (= under) + traho [inf. trahere] (= to pull, draw).

suburb < middle english suburb < old french suburbe < latin suburbium (= an outlying part of a city) < sub (= under) + urbs [gen. urbis] (= city).

subvert < middle english subvert < old french subvertir (= overthrow, destroy) / latin subverto [inf. subvertere] (= overturn) < sub (= under) + verto [inf. vertere] (= to turn).

succeed < middle english succeden < old french succeder (= follow on) < latin succedo [inf. succedere] (= come after, mount up, be victorious) < sub (= under, after) + cedo [inf. cedere] (= go, move).

succinct < middle english succinct < middle french succincte < latin succinctus (= prepared), past participle of succingo [inf. succingere] (= gird from below) < sub (= under) + cingo [inf. cingere] (= to gird).

succor < middle english socour < socours (= aid) < anglo-french succors (= help) / old french socors, sucurres (= help) < medieval latin succursus (= help, assistance) < latin succursus. past participle of succurro [inf. succurrere] (= run to help) < sub (= under) + curro [inf. currere] (= to run).

succumb < middle english succumb < old french succomber (= succumb, die) < latin succumbo [inf. succumbere] (= submit, lie under) < sub (= under) + -cumbo [inf. -cumbere] (= take a reclining position).

such < middle english such < old english swylc / swilc (= just as, as if, such a one) < proto-germanic *swalikaz (= so formed) < swa (= so) + *likan (= form).

suck < old english sucan < proto-germanic source < imitative origin.

Sudan < arabic [Bilad-al]-sudan (= country of the blacks) < sud, plural of aswad (= black).

sudarium < latin sudo [inf. sudare] (= to sweat) < sudor (= sweat).

sudden < middle english sodaine < anglo-french sodein / old french sodain, subdain (= immediate) < vulgar latin *subitanus < latin subitaneus (= sudden) < subitus, past participle of subeo [inf. subire] (= go under, occur secretly) < sub (= under) + eo [inf. ire] (= come, go).

suds < (?) 1. middle dutch sudse (= marsh, bog) or 2. germanic source < proto-germanic *suth- (= boil).

Sue < Susan < french Susanne < late latin Susanna < ancient greek Σωσάννα | Sōsanna < hebrew Shoshannah (= a lily).

sue < middle english sue < anglo-french suer (= follow after, continue) / old french suir, sivre (= pursue, follow after) < vulgar latin *sequo [inf. sequere] (= follow) < latin sequor [inf. sequi] (= follow).

suede < [gants de] Suède (= [gloves of] Sweden) < french Suède < low german Swede < middle low german Swede < Sweon (= Swedes) < (?) proto-germanic 1. *sweba (= free) or 2. *geswion (= kinsman).

suet < middle english suet < (?) old french siu (= fat, grease, tallow) < latin sebum (= tallow, grease).

Suez < arabic as-suways < egyptian suan (= beginning) [in reference to the port at the beginning of the Red Sea].

suffer < middle english suffer < anglo-french suffrir / old french sofrir (= endure, tolerate) < vulgar latin *sufferio [inf. sufferire] < latin suffero [inf. sufferre] (= to bear, undergo, endure) < sub (= under) + fero [inf. ferre] (= to carry, bear).

suffice < middle english suffice < old french sofire (= satisfy) < latin sufficio [inf. sufficere] (= put under, be enough) < sub (= under) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

suffix < modern latin suffixum < latin suffixum, neuter past participle of suffigo [inf. suffigere] (= fasten, fix on) < sub (= under) + figo [inf. figere] (= to fasten, fix).

suffocation < middle english suffocation < middle french suffocation < latin suffocatio (= a choking, stifling) < suffoco [inf. suffocare] (= suffocate, throttle, stifle) < sub (= under) + fauces [plural of faux] (= throat, narrow entrance).

suffrage < middle english suffrage < old french sofrage (= plea, intercession) < medieval latin suffragium < latin suffragium (= a support, vote, right of voting) < suffrago [inf. suffragari] (= lend support, vote) < sub (= under) + 1. fragor (= crash, shouts of a voting) or 2. frango [inf. frangere] (= to break).

suffuse < latin suffusus, past participle of suffundo [inf. suffundere] (= overspread, pour beneath) < sub (= under) + fundo [inf. fundere] (= to pour).

sugar < middle english sugre < old french sucre (= sugar) < medieval latin succarum < arabic sukkar {> italian zucchero, spanish azucar, german Zucker, polish cukier, serbian cukar, russian sakhar} < persian shakar < ancient greek σάκχαρον | sakkharon < indic sakhara < sanskrit sharkara (= grit, candied sugar).

suggestion < middle english suggestion < anglo-french / old french suggestioun (= hint, temptation) < latin suggestio (= addition, suggestion) < suggestus, past participle of suggero [inf. suggerere] (= bring up, supply, prompt) < sub (= under) + gero [inf. gerere] (= bring, carry).

suicide < modern latin suicidium (= suicide) < latin sui, genitive of se (= self) + caedo [inf. caedere] (= to kill).

suit < middle english sute / suete / suite / seute (= a band of followers, company, set of matching garments) < anglo-french suit / siwete < old french suite / sieute (= pursuit, act of following) < vulgar latin *sequita, female of *sequitus < latin secutus, past participle of sequor [inf. sequi] (= to follow).

sulfur / sulphur < middle english sulfur < anglo-french sulfere / old french soufre / sulphur (= sulfur) < late latin sulfur < latin sulphur (= sulfur).

sultan < middle french sultan < arabic sultan (= power, ruler, king) < aramaic shultana (= power) < shelet (= have power).

sum < middle english summe < anglo-french / old french somme, summe (= amount, collection) < latin summa (= the top, summit, gist, amount) < summa, female of summus (= highest, uppermost).

summary < middle english summary < latin summarium (= abstract, summary) < summa (= the top, summit, gist, amount) < summa, female of summus (= highest, uppermost).

summer < old english sumor < proto-germanic *sumra- {> old norse sumar, dutch zomer, german Sommer} < I.E. *sem-₍₂₎ (= summer) {> old irish sam, old welsh ham, avestan hama, sanskrit sama}.

summit < middle english summit < middle french somete < old french somete (= summit, top), a diminutive of som / sum (= highest part, top of a hill) < latin summum, neuter of summus (= highest, uppermost).

summon < middle english summon < anglo-french sumunre < old french somonre < sumundre / somondre (= summon) < vulgar latin *summundero [inf. summundere] (= to call, cite) < latin summoneo [inf. summonere] (= hint, advise privately) < sub (= under) + moneo [inf. monere] (= to warn, advise).

sumptuary < latin sumptuarius (= relating to expenses) < sumptus (= expense, cost) < sumo [inf. sumere] (= to borrow, buy, spend) < sub (= under) + emo [inf. emere] (= to take, buy).

sun < old english sunne < proto-germanic *sunno {> old norse sunna, dutch zon, gothic sunno, german Sonne} < I.E. *s(u)wen- < *sawel- (= the sun) {> latin sol, french soleil, spanish sol, irish suil, sanskrit sura-, ancient greek αέλιος | aelios > ‘ήλιος | ^hēlios}.

Sunday < old english sunna(n)dæg (= day of the sun) < sunnan (< sunne (= sun) < proto-germanic *sunno) + dæg (= day) (< proto-germanic *dages- (= day)).

Sunni < arabic Sunni (= adherent of the Sunnah) < Sunna (= way, custom, tradition).

sup (= eat the evening meal) < middle english sup < old french soper / super (= dine, sup) < (?) soupe (= broth) < late latin suppa (= bread soaked in broth) < proto-germanic *sup-.

sup (= to sip) < old english sup(p)an, supian (= to sip, taste, drink) < proto-germanic *supanan.

super < latin super (= over, above, beyond) < I.E. *uper (= over).

superb < latin superbus (= grand, proud, splendid) < super (= over, above, beyond).

supercilious < latin superciliosus (= haughty, arrogant) < supercilium (= eyebrow, haughty demeanor, pride) < super (= over, above) + cilium (= eyelid).

superficial < middle english superficial < late latin superficialis (= of the surface) < superficies (= surface, top) < super (= over, above) + facies (= form, face).

superfluous < middle english superfluous < latin superfluus (= unnecessary) < superfluo [inf. superfluere] (= to overflow) < super (= over, above) + fluo [inf. fluere] (= to flow).

superior < middle english superior < old french superior < latin superior (= higher), comparative of superus (= situated above, upper) < super (= over, above, beyond).

superlative < middle english superlative < old french superlatif (= absolute, highest) < late latin superlativus (= extravagant) < latin superlatus (= exaggerated), past participle of superfero [inf. superferre] (= carry over) < super (= over, above) + fero [past participle latus, inf. ferre] (= to carry, bear).

supernal < middle english supernal (= heavenly, divine) < old french supernal (= supreme) < latin supernus (= situated above, celestial) < super (= over, above, beyond).

supersede < middle english supersede < middle french superceder (= desist, delay, defer) < latin supersedeo [inf. supersedere] (= sit on top, stay clear) < super (= over, above) + sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

superstition < middle english superstition < latin superstitio (= prophecy, dread of the supernatural) < supersto [inf. superstare] (= stand over, survive) < super (= over, above) + sto [inf. stare] (= to stand).

supervene < latin supervenio [inf. supervenire] (= come on top, come after) < super (= over, above) + venio [inf. venire] (= come).

supervise < middle english supervise < medieval latin supervisus, past participle of supervideo [inf. supervidere] (= oversee, inspect) < latin super (= over, above) + video [inf. videre] (= see).

supine < middle english supine (= lying on the back) < latin supinus (= bent backwards, lying on the back, inactive).

supper < middle english soper (= the last meal of the day) < old french soper (= evening meal) < soper (= to eat the evening meal) < germanic origin.

supplant < middle english supplant < old french suplanter / sosplanter (= trip up, overthrow) / latin supplanto [inf. supplantare] (= trip up, overthrow) < sub (= under) + planta (= sole of the foot).

supple < middle english supple < old french so(u)ple (= pliant, flexible, humble) < gallo-roman *supples < latin supplex (= submissive, humbly begging, suppliant).

supply < middle english supply < old french soupplier (= fill up) < latin suppleo [inf. supplere] (= make full, complete) < sub (= under) + pleo [inf. plere] (= to fill).

support < middle english support < old french suporter (= to bear, endure, sustain) < latin supporto [inf. supportare] (= convey, carry) < sub (= under) + porto [inf. portare] (= to carry).

suppose < middle english suppose < old french suposer (= to assume) < (?) *suppondre < latin suppono [inf. supponere] (= put under, subordinate) < sub (= under) + pono [inf. ponere] (= put, place).

suppress < middle english suppress < latin suppressus, past participle of supprimo [inf. supprimere] (= press down, stop) < sub (= under) + premo [inf. premere] (= to press).

supreme < middle french suprême < latin supremus (= highest), superlative of superus (= situated above) < super (= over, above, beyond).

sura (= chapter of the Quran) < arabic surah (= step, degree).

surcharge < middle english surchange < old french surcharger (= to overload, overcharge) < sur- (= over) (< latin super (= over, above)) + chargier (= to load) (< vulgar latin *carrico [inf. carricare] (= load a cart) < latin carrus (= celtic war chariot) < gaulish karros (= chariot) < celtic origin).

sure < middle english sure< old french se(u)r (= safe, secure) < latin securus (= free from care, safe).

surf < (?) suffe < (?) 1. sough (= rushing sound) or 2. indic origin.

surface < french surface < old french sur- (= above) (< latin super (= over, above)) + face (< vulgar latin *facia < latin facies (= appearance, form) < facio [inf. facere] (= make, do)).

surfeit < middle english surfeit < old french sorfet (= excess, arrogance) < surfaire (= overdo) < sur- (= over) (< latin super (= over, above)) + faire (= do) (< facio [inf. facere] (= make, do)).

surge < middle english surge < (?) middle french sourdre (= to rise, swell) < latin surgo [inf. surgere] (= to rise, get up) < surrigo [inf. surrigere] < sub (= under) + rego [inf. regere] (= to guide).

surgeon < middle english sorgien / cirurgian < anglo-french surgien < old french surgien / cirurgien < cirurgie (= surgery) < late latin chirurgia < ancient greek χειρουργία | khoerourghia (= surgery) < χειρουργός | khoerourghos (= working by hand) < χειρ | khoer (= hand) + έργον | erghon (= work).

surgery < middle english sirgirie < old french surgerie / surgeure < serurgerie < late latin chirurgia < ancient greek χειρουργία | khoerourghia (= surgery) < χειρουργός | khoerourghos (= working by hand) < χειρ | khoer (= hand) + έργον | erghon (= work).

surly < middle english sirly (= lordly, imperious) < sir {< sire, a title of honor of knight < old french sire (= lord) < vulgar latin *seior < latin senior (= older), comparative of senex [gen. senis] (= old)} + [suffix] -ly.

surmise < middle english surmise (= to charge, allege) < old french surmis, past participle of surmettre (= to accuse) < sur- (= upon) (< latin super (= over, above)) + mettre (= put) (< latin mitto [inf. mittere] (= to send)).

surmount < middle english surmount < old french surmonter (= rise above) < sur- (= beyond) (< latin super (= over, above)) + monter (= to go up) (< vulgar latin *monto [inf. montare] < latin mons [gen. montis] (= mountain)).

surname < middle english surname < sur (= above) (< latin super (= over, above)) + name (< old english nama / noma (= name, reputation) < proto-germanic *naman-).

surplice < middle english surplice < old french surpeliz < medieval latin superpellicium [vestmentum] (= an over fur [garment], surplice) < latin super (= over) + medieval latin pellicium (= fur garment, tunic of skins) (< latin pellis (= skin)).

surprise < middle english surprise < old french surprise (= a taking unawares) < sorprendre (= overtake, seize) < sur- (= over) (< latin super (= over, above)) + prendre (= to take) (< latin prendo [inf. prendere] < prehendo [inf. prehendere] (= to grasp, seize) < prae- (= before) + -hendo [inf. -hendere] (= to seize, take)).

surrealism < french surréalisme < sur- (= beyond) (< latin super (= over, above)) + réalisme (= realism) (< late latin realis (= actual) < latin res (= property, goods, matter, thing)).

surrender < middle english surrender < old french surrendre (= give up) < sur- (= over) (< latin super (= over, above)) + render (= give back) (< vulgar latin *rendo [inf. rendere] < latin reddo [inf. reddere] (= give back, restore) < re(d)- (= back) + do [inf. dare] (= give)).

surreptitious < middle english surreptitious < latin surrepticius (= stolen, furtive) < surreptus, past participle of surripio [inf. surripere] (= take away, steal) < sub (= under) + rapio [inf. rapere] (= to snatch).

surrogate < middle english surrogate < latin surrogatus, past participle of surrogo [inf. surrogare] (= substitute) < sub (= under) + rogo [inf. rogare] (= to ask, propose).

surround < middle english surround < anglo-french surounder / middle french soronder (= to overflow, surpass) < late latin superundo [inf. superundare] (= overflow) < latin super (= over) + undo [inf. undare] (= to flow in waves) (< unda (= wave)).

surveillance < french surveillance (= oversight, supervision) < surveiller (= oversee, watch) < sur- (= over) (< latin super (= over, above)) + veiller (= to watch) (< latin vigilo [inf. vigilare] (= watch) < vigil (= watchful)).

survey < middle english survey < anglo-french surveier / old french sorveoir (= look upon, notice, watch) < medieval latin supervideo [inf. supervidere] (= oversee, inspect) < latin super (= over) + video [inf. videre] (= see).

survive < middle english survive < anglo-french survivre / old french souvivre < latin supervivo [inf. supervivere] (= live beyond) < super (= over, above, beyond) + vivo [inf. vivere] (= to live).

Susan < french Susanne < late latin Susanna (q.v.).

Susanna(h) < late latin Susanna < ancient greek Σωσάννα | Sōsanna < hebrew Shoshannah (= a lily).

susceptible < late latin susceptibilis (= capable, sustainable) < latin suscipere (= to take, catch, lift up) < sub (= under) + capio [inf. capere] (= take, hold).

Susie < Susan < late latin Susanna (q.v.).

suspect < middle english suspect < old french suspect < latin suspectus (= suspected), past participle of suspicio [inf. suspicere] (= look up at, look upward) < sub (= under) + specio [inf. specere] (= look at).

suspend < middle english suspend < old french sospendre (= remove from office, hang up) / latin suspendo [inf. suspendere] (= hang up, make uncertain) < sub (= under) + pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang).

Sussex < old english Suþ Seaxe (= South Saxons) < old english suð (= to the south) (< proto-germanic *sunthaz) + Saxon (< late latin Saxo < proto-germanic *sahsa- (= knife)).

sustain < middle english sustain < old french sostenir (= hold up, suffer, endure) < latin sustineo [inf. sustinere] (= hold up, bear, endure) < sub (= under) + teneo [inf. tenere] (= hold).

susurration < middle english susurration < latin susurratio (= a whispering, a murmur) < susurro [inf. susurrare] (= to hum, murmur) < susurrus (= a murmur, whisper).

suture < middle english suture < latin sutura (= seam, a sewing together) < sutus, past participle of suo [inf. suere] (= to sew).

SUV < [1988] an abbreviation of Sport Utility Vehicle.

Suzie < Susan < late latin Susanna < ancient greek Σωσάννα | Sōsanna < hebrew Shoshannah (= a lily).

swab < swabber < dutch zwabber < proto-germanic *swabb-.

Swahili < arabic sawahil, plural of sahil (= coast).

swain < middle english swain < old norse sveinn (= boy, servant, attendant) < proto-germanic *swainaz (= servant, attendant).

swallow (= ingest through the throat) <, old english swelgan < proto-germanic *swelgan / *swelhan < (?) I.E. *swel-₍₁₎ (= to eat, drink).

swallow (a migratory bird) < old english swealwe < proto-germanic *swalwon < I.E. *swol-wi-.

swamp < middle english swamp < (?) proto-germanic *swampuz.

swan < old english swan (= swan) < proto-germanic *swanaz (= singer) {> swedish svan, danish svane, dutch zwaan, german Schwan} < I.E. *swen- (= to make sound).

swarm < old english swearm (= swarm, multitude) < proto-germanic *swarmaz.

swart < old english sweart (= black) < proto-germanic *swarta- (= dark, black).

swastika < sanskrit svastika-s, (= being fortunate) < svasti-s (= well-being, luck) < su- (= well) + as- (< asti (= is) < I.E. *(e)su- (= good), *es- (= to be).

swear < old english swerian < proto-germanic *swērjanan < (?) I.E. *swer- (= speak).

sweat < old english swat < proto-germanic *swaitaz (= sweat) < I.E. *sweid-₍₂₎ (= to sweat).

Swede < low german Swede < middle low german Swede < Sweon (= Swedes) < (?) 1. proto-germanic *sweba (= free, independent) or 2. *geswion (= kinsman).

sweep < middle english sweep < (?) middle english swope < old english swapan (= to sweep).

sweepstakes < middle english swepestake < swepen (= to sweep) + stake (= money as a pledge or wager).

sweet < old english swete < proto-germanic *swotja- {> swedish söt, danish sød, dutch zoet, german süß} < I.E. *swad- (= sweet, pleasant) {> latin suavis, ancient greek ‘ηδύς | ^hēdys, sanskrit svadus}.

swell < old english swellan < proto-germanic *swellanan.

swelter < middle english swelter < swelten (= be faint) < old english sweltan (= to die, perish) < proto-germanic *swiltan-.

swerve < middle english swerve < old english sweorfan (= to rub, scour) < proto-germanic *swerb-.

swift < old english swift (= moving quickly) < proto-germanic swip-.

swill < old english swilian / swillan (= wash out) < (?) proto-germanic *swil-.

swim < old english swimman < proto-germanic *swimjan {> old norse svimma, dutch zwemmen, german schwimmen} < I.E. *swem- (= to be in motion).

swindler < german Schwindler (= giddy person) < schwindeln (= to be giddy, act extravagantly) < old high german swintilon (= be giddy) < swintan (= to languish, disappear).

swine < old english swin (= pig, hog, wild boar) < proto-germanic *sweina- {> old norse svin, Swedish svin, danish svin, dutch zwijn, german Schwein} < I.E. *su- (= pig) + [suffix] *-ino-.

swing < old english swingan (= beat, strike) < proto-germanic *swengwanan.

Swiss < middle french Suisse < middle high german Suizer < Suiz (= Switzerland).

switch < (?) flemish / low german source < germanic *swih- (= peg).

swivel < middle english swivel < swifan (= revolve, sweep) < proto-germanic *swif-.

sword < old english sw(e)ord / swyrd (= sword) < proto-germanic *swerdam {> old norse sverð, swedish svärd, dutch zwaard, german Schwert} < *swertha- (= cutting weapon) < I.E. *swer-₍₃₎ (= to cut, pierce).

sybarite < latin Sybarita < ancient greek Συβαρίτης | Sybharitēs (= inhabitant of Sybaris) < Σύβαρις | Sybharis, a town in Italy [whose people were noted for their love of luxury].

sycophant < middle french sycophante < latin sycophanta < ancient greek συκοφάντης | sykophantēs (= “one who shows the fig”, false accuser, slanderer) [because the most common, and fake, accuse in the law court of Athens was the robbing of figs] < σύκον | sykon (= fig) + φαίνω | phaenō (= to show).

Sydney < [Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount] Sydney, Home secretary of England [named in his honor] (< Sidney / Sydney < old english sid (= side) + ieg (= island)).

syllable < middle english sullable < anglo-french sillable < old french silabe (= syllable) < latin syllaba < ancient greek συλλαβή | syllabhē (= syllable) < συλλαμβάνω | syllambhanō (= take together, collect) < συν | syn (= together) + λαμβάνω | lambhanō (= to take).

syllabus < late latin syllabus (= list) < ancient greek σίττυβος | sittybhos (= parchment label, table of contents) [by misreading and influence of syllaba (= syllable)].

syllogism < middle english syllogism < old french silogisme < latin syllogismus < ancient greek συλλογισμός | sylloghismos (= conclusion, computation) < συλλογίζομαι | sylloghizomae (= compute, conclude) < συν | syn (= together) + λογίζομαι | loghizomae (= to reason, count) (< λόγος | loghos (= a speaking, a reckoning) < λέγω | leghō (= speak)).

sylphid < french sylphide < modern latin sylphes [(plural) coined by Paracelsus, in referring to spirits inhabiting the air] < (?) latin silva (= forest) + ancient greek 1. νύμφη | nymphē (= nymph) or 2. σίλφη | silphē, a kind of beetle.

sylvan < middle french sylvain < latin silvanus (= of the forest) < silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Sylvanus < latin Silvanus, a god of woods and fields < latin silvanus (= of the forest) < silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Sylvester < latin silvestris (= of the forest) < silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Sylvia < latin silva (= wood, forest, grove).

symbol < middle english symbol < late latin symbolum < ancient greek σύμβολον | symbholon (= token, watchword) < σύμβολον, neuter of σύμβολος | symbholos (= joining) < συμβάλλω | symbhallō (= join together) < συν | syn (= together) + βάλλω | bhallō (= to throw).

symmetry < middle french symmétrie < latin symmetria < ancient greek συμμετρία | symmetria (= agreement in dimensions, due proportion) < σύμμετρος | symmetros (= having a common measure, proportionate) < συν | syn (= together) + μέτρον | metron (= measure).

sympathy < middle french sympathie < late latin sympathia (= sympathy) < ancient greek συμπάθεια | sympathoea (= fellow-feeling, community of feeling) < συμπαθής | sympathēs (= having a fellow feeling) < συν | syn (= together) + stem παθ- | path- of έπαθον | epathon, past tense of πάσχω | paskhō (= suffer, feel pain).

symphony < middle english symphony < old french simphonie / sifonie / simfone (= musical harmony) < latin symphonia < ancient greek συμφωνία | symphōnia (= harmony, concord of sounds) < σύμφωνος | symphōnos (= harmonious) < συν | syn (= together) + φωνή | phōnē (= voice, sound).

symposium < latin symposium (= drinking party, symposium) < ancient greek συμπόσιον | symposion (= drinking party, convivial gathering of the educated) < συμπότης | sympotēs (= drinking companion) < συν | syn (= together) + -πότης | -potēs (= a drinking) (< πίνω | pinō (= to drink).

symptom < sinthoma < medieval latin sinthoma (= symptom of a disease) < late latin symptoma < ancient greek σύμπτωμα | symptōma (= a happening, accident, disease) < συμπίπτω | sympiptō (= to befall, happen, coincide) < συν | syn (= together) + πίπτω | piptō (= to fall).

synagogue < middle english synagogue < old french sinagoge < late latin synagoga (= congregation of Jews) < ancient greek συναγωγή | synaghōghē (= place of assembly, synagogue, meeting) < συνάγω | synaghō (= gather, assemble) < συν | syn (= together) + άγω | aghō (= lead, move).

synapse < ancient greek σύναψις | synapsis (= conjunction) < συνάπτω | synaptō (= join together) < συν | syn (= together) + ‘άπτω | ^haptō (= touch, fasten).

sync < synch, a shortening of synchronization < synchronize < ancient greek συγχρονίζω | syghkhronizō (= put at the same time) < σύγχρονος | syghkhronos (= happening at the same time) < συν | syn (= together) + χρόνος | khronos (= time).

synchronous < late latin synchronus (= simultaneous) < ancient greek σύγχρονος | syghkhronos (= happening at the same time) < συν | syn (= together) + χρόνος | khronos (= time).

syndic < french syndic (= chief representative) < late latin syndicus (= representative) < ancient greek σύνδικος | syndhikos (= public advocate) < συν | syn (= together) + δίκη | dhikē (= judgment, justice).

syndrome < ancient greek συνδρομή | syndhromē (= concurrence of symptoms) < σύνδρομος | syndhromos (= running together) < συν | syn (= together) + δρόμος | dhromos (= course, way, road).

synergy < modern latin synergia < ancient greek συνεργία | synerghia (= joint work, cooperation, help) < συνεργός | synerghos (= working together) < συν | syn (= together) + έργον | erghon (= work).

synod < middle english synod (= ecclesiastical council) < late latin synodus < ancient greek σύνοδος | synodhos (= assembly, meeting) < συν | syn (= together) + ‘οδός | ^hodhos (= way, road).

synonym < middle english synonym < old french synonyme < late latin synonymum < ancient greek συνώνυμον | synōnymon (= word having the same sense as another) < συνώνυμον, neuter of συνώνυμος | synōnymos (= synonymous) < συν | syn (= together) + όνυμα | onyma (= name).

synopsis < late latin synopsis < ancient greek σύνοψις | synopsis (= a general view) < συν | syn (= together) + όψις | opsis (= sight, appearance).

syntax < french syntaxe < late latin syntaxis < ancient greek σύνταξις | syntaxis (= a putting together, arrangement, a grammatical construction) < συντάσσω | syntassō (= put in order) < συν | syn (= together) + τάσσω | tassō (= arrange).

synthesis < latin synthesis < ancient greek σύνθεσις | synthesis (= composition) < συντίθημι | syntithēmi (= put together, combine) < συν | syn (= together) + τίθημι | tithēmi (= to put, place).

syphilis < modern latin syphilis < Syphilus [a shepherd in the poem “Syphilis, sive Morbus Gallicus” (= Syphilis, or the French Disease) of Italian doctor Girolamo Fracastoro].

Syria < latin Syria < ancient greek Συρία | Syria < Σύρος | Syros (= Syrian).

syringe < middle english syringe < suringa < late latin syringa < ancient greek σύριγξ | syrigx (= tube, channel, shepherd’s pipe).

syrup < middle english syrup < old french sirop / italian s(c)iroppo (= sugared drink) < medieval latin syrupus < arabic sharab (= beverage, wine) < shariba (= he drank).

system < late latin systema (= arrangement, system) < ancient greek σύστημα | systēma (= organized whole, a whole compounded of parts) < συνίσταμαι | synistamae (= be composed) < συν | syn (= together) + ‘ίσταμαι | ^histamae (= cause to stand).

systole < ancient greek συστολή | systolē (= a drawing together, contraction) < συστέλλω | systellō < συν | syn (= together) + στέλλω | stellō (= to send).

syzygy < late latin syzygia < ancient greek συζυγία | syzyghia (= yoke of animals, pair, conjunction) < σύζυγος | syzyghos (= yoked together) < συν | syn (= together) + ζυγός | zyghos (= yoke).