s

Sabbath < old english sabat < latin sabbatum < ancient greek Σάββατον | Sabhbhaton < hebrew shabbath (= day of rest) < shabath (= he rested).

sabotage < french sabotage < saboter (= to walk noisily, sabotage, bungle) < sabot (= wooden shoe) < middle french savate (= old shoe).

Sabrina < Sabrina, romanized form of river Severn [welsh Hafren / Habren] (= (?) boundary) < celtic source.

saccharine < medieval latin saccharum < latin saccharon (= sugar) < ancient greek σάκχαρον | sakkharon < pali sakkhara < sanskrit sarkara (= gravel, grit).

sack < old english sacc / sec / sæc (= large cloth bag, sackcloth) < proto-germanic *sakkiz < latin saccus < ancient greek σάκκος | sakkos < semitic origin.

sacrament < middle english sacrament < old french sacrament < latin sacramentum (= a consecrating) < sacro [inf. sacrare] (= make sacred, consecrate) < sacer [gen. sacri] (= sacred, dedicated, holy).

sacred < middle english sacren (= make holy) < old french sacrer (= consecrate) / latin sacro [inf. sacrare] (= make sacred, consecrate) < sacer [gen. sacri] (= sacred, dedicated, holy).

sacrifice < middle english sacrifice < old french sacrifise < latin sacrificium < sacrificus (= performing sacrifices) < sacra (= sacred rites) < sacra, neuter plural of sacer [gen. sacri] (= sacred) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

sad < old english sæd (= sated, full) < proto-germanic *sathaz.

saddle < old english sadol (= seat for a rider) < proto-germanic *sathulaz.

Sadie < Sarah < hebrew Sarah (= princess) < sarah, female of sar (= prince) < sarar (= he ruled).

sadism < french sadisme < [Donatien A.F. de] Sade, French writer [who described it in his novels].

safari < swahili safari (= journey, expedition) < arabic safari (= of a journey) < safar (= journey).

safe < middle english safe < old french sauf (= protected) < latin salvus (= uninjured, safe).

sag < middle english sag < (?) 1. scandinavian source or 2. middle low german sacken (= to settle, sink).

sagacity < middle english sagacity < middle french sagacité < latin sagacitas (= quality of being acute) < sagax [gen. sagacis] (= acute).

sage < middle english sage < old french sage (= wise, learned) < gallo-roman *sabius < vulgar latin *sapius < latin sapio [inf. sapere] (= have a taste, be wise).

Sagittarius < latin sagittarius (= archer) < sagitta (= arrow).

Sahara < arabic çahara, plural of çahra (= desert) < çahra, female of asharu (= yellowish red).

sail < old english segl (= sail, veil, curtain) < proto-germanic *seglom {> old norse segl, swedish segel, dutch zeil, german Segel}.

saint < middle english saint < old french saint / seinte (= saint, holy relic) < latin sanctus (= holy) < sanctus, past participle of sancio [inf. sancire] (= consecrate).

sake (= purpose) < old english sacu (= cause, crime, guilt) < proto-germanic *sako (= affair, thing, charge).

sake (liquor) < japanese sake (= alcohol).

salaam < arabic salam (= peace) < (as)salam [‘alaikum] (= peace [be upon you]) < salima (= he was safe).

salacious < latin salax [gen. salacis] (= lustful) < salio [inf. salire] (= to leap).

salad < middle english salad < old french salade < vulgar latin *salata (= salted) < [herba] salata (= salted [vegetables]) < salata, female past participle of *salo [inf. salare] (= to salt) < latin sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

salamander < middle english salamander < old french salamandre < latin salamandra < ancient greek σαλαμάνδρα | salamandhra.

salami < italian salami, plural of salame (= spiced pork sausage) < vulgar latin *salamen < *salo [inf. salare] (= to salt) < latin sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

salary < middle english salary < anglo-french salarie / old french salaire (= wage, pay) < latin salarium (= allowance, stipend, pension) [originally salt-money, soldier’s allowance for the purchase of salt] < salarium, neuter of salarius (= of salt) [yearly revenue from the sale of salt] < sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

sale < old english sala (= sale, act of selling) < proto-germanic *salo < I.E. *sal-₍₃₎ (= grasp, take).

saliva < middle english saliva < middle french salive < latin saliva (= spittle).

sallow < old english salo (= dusky, dark) < proto-germanic *salwa-.

Sally < Sarah < hebrew Sarah (= princess) < sarah, female of sar (= prince) < sarar (= he ruled).

salmon < middle english salmon < anglo-french samoun / old french salmun < latin salmo (= salmon) < (?) salio [inf. salire] (= to leap).

salmonella < modern latin salmonella < [Daniel] Salmon, American veterinary surgeon [who isolated this type of bacteria].

Salome < late latin Salome < ancient greek Σαλώμη | Salōmē < hebrew shalom (= peace).

salon < french salon (= reception room) < italian salone (= large hall), a diminutive of sala (= hall) < proto-germanic *salaz.

saloon < salon (q.v.).

salsa < spanish salsa (= sauce) < latin salsa, female past participle of sal(l)o [inf. sal(l)ere] (= to salt) < sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

salt < old english sealt (= salt) < proto-germanic *saltom {> old norse salt, gothic salt, dutch zout, german Salz} < I.E. *sal- (= salt) {> ancient greek ‘αλς | ^hals}.

salubrious < latin salubris (= healthful) < salus [gen. salutis] (= health).

salute < middle english salute < salue < latin saluto [inf. salutare] (= wish good health to, greet) < salus [gen. salutis] (= health, greeting).

salvation < middle english salvation < old french salvaciun < late latin salvatio (= salvation) < salvo [inf. salvare] (= to save).

salve < old english sealf (= healing ointment) < west germanic *salbo- (= oily substance).

samba < portuguese samba, a shortening of zambacueca, a type of dance < (?) zambapalo, a grotesque dance < zampapalo (= stupid man) < zamparse (= to crash).

sambo < (?) spanish zambo (= bandy-legged) < (?) latin scambus < ancient greek σκαμβός | skambhos (= bow-legged).

same < (?) [1. old english [swa] same (= the same [as]) or 2. old norse same / samr (= same)] < proto-germanic *samaz (= same) < I.E. *samos (= same) < *sem-₍₁₎ (= one, as one).

Sammy < british [slang] Sammy (= American soldier in WWI) < [Uncle] Sam [in political cartoons of USA] < Samuel (< late latin Samuel < ancient greek Σαμουήλ | Samouēl < hebrew Shemiel (= the name of God) < shem (= name) + El (= God)).

samovar < russian samovar < 1. sam (= self) + varit (= to boil) or 2. tatar sanabar (= tea-urn).

sample < middle english sample < anglo-french saumple < a shortening of old french essample < latin exemplum (= sample).

Samson < late latin Samson < ancient greek Σαμψών | Sampsōn < hebrew Shimshon < (?) shemesh (= sun).

Samuel < late latin Samuel < ancient greek Σαμουήλ | Samouēl < hebrew Shemiel (= the name of God) < shem (= name) + El (= God).

samurai < japanese samurai (= warrior, knight) < saburai < sabura(h)u (= to be in attendance, to serve).

San Francisco < spanish San Francisco [named for St. Francis of Assisi] < latin sanctus (= holy) (< sanctus, past participle of sancio [inf. sancire] (= consecrate)) + medieval latin Franciscus (= Frankish) < Francus (= Frank) < frankish *Frank.

sanatorium < modern latin sanatorium < late latin sanitorium, neuter of sanitorius (= health-giving) < latin sano [inf. sanare] (= to heal) < sanus (= healthy, sane).

sanctify < middle english seintefie < old french saintefier (= sanctify) < late latin santifico [inf. sanctificare] (= make holy) < sanctus (= holy) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

sanctuary < middle english sanctuary < anglo-french sentuarie / old french saintuaire < late latin sanctuarium (= a sacred place, shrine) < latin sanctus (= holy).

sanctum < latin sanctum (= a holy place) < sanctum, neuter of sanctus (= holy).

sand < old english sand < proto-germanic *sandam.

sandal < middle english sandal < old french sandale < latin sandalium (= sandal) < ancient greek σανδάλιον | sandhalion, a diminutive of σάνδαλον | sandhalon (= sandal) < (?) persian source.

sandman < sand [as the grain in the eyelashes on waking] + man.

Sandra < a shortening of Alexandra < ancient greek Αλεξάνδρα | Alexandhra, female of Αλέξανδρος | Alexandhros < αλέξω | alexō (= repulse, protect) + ανήρ | anēr [gen. ανδρός | andhros] (= man).

sandwich < [John Montagu, Fourth Earl of] Sandwich [who used to eat slices of meat between bread at the gaming table during marathon sessions (1762)] (< old english Sandwicæ (= sandy harbor), a place).

Sandy < a shortening of Alexander < ancient greek Αλέξανδρος | Alexandhros < αλέξω | alexō (= repulse, protect) + ανήρ | anēr [gen. ανδρός | andhros] (= man).

sane < latin sanus (= healthy, rational, sane).

sangria < spanish sangria (= bleeding) < sangre (= blood) < vulgar latin *sanguem < latin sanguis (= blood).

sanguine < middle english sanguine < old french sanguin < latin sanguineus (= of blood, bloody) < sanguis [gen. sanguinis] (= blood).

sanitarium < modern latin sanitarium < latin sanitas (= health) < sanus (= healthy, rational, sane).

sanity < middle english sanity < middle french sanité (= health) < latin sanitas (= health) < sanus (= healthy, rational, sane).

sans-serif < french sans (= without) + english serif (< ceref < (?) dutch / flemish schreef (= line, stroke).

sanskrit < sanskrit samskrtam (= put together, well-formed) < samskrtam, neuter of samskrta < sam (= together) + krta- (= make, do) [so called as being the literary language, distinguished from the vulgar dialects].

Santa Claus < american english Santa Claus < dutch [dialectal] Sante Klaas < middle dutch Sinter Niklaas (= Saint Nicholas) < latin sanctus (= holy) (< sanctus, past participle of sancio [inf. sancire] (= consecrate)) + Nicolaus (< ancient greek Νικόλαος | Nikolaos < νίκη | nikē (= victory) + λαός | laos (= people)).

sapient < middle english sapient < old french sapient < latin sapiens [gen. sapientis], present participle of sapio [inf. sapere] (= to taste, be wise).

saponification < french saponification < saponifier < modern latin saponifico [inf. saponificare] (= make soap) < celtic *sapo (= soap) + latin facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

sapphire < middle english sapphire < old french saphir < latin sapphirus {> spanish zafir, italian zaffiro} < ancient greek σάπφειρος | sap-phoeros (= sapphire) < semitic source < (?) sanskrit sanipriya (= sacred to Saturn), a dark precious stone < Sani (= Saturn) + priyah (= precious).

sap < old english sæp < proto-germanic *sapam < I.E. *sab- (= juice, fluid).

Sara < Sarah (q.v.).

Sarah < hebrew Sarah (= princess) < sarah, female of sar (= prince) < sarar (= he ruled).

sarcasm < sarcasmus < late latin sarcasmus < ancient greek σαρκασμός | sarkasmos (= a sneer, jest, mockery) < σαρκάζω | sarkazō (= strip off the flesh, speak bitterly, sneer) < σαρξ | sarx [gen. σαρκός | sarkos] (= flesh).

sarcophagus < latin sarcophagus < ancient greek σαρκοφάγος | sarkophaghos, limestone used for coffins < σαρξ | sarx [gen. σαρκός | sarkos] (= flesh) + stem φαγ- | phagh- of έφαγον | ephaghon, past tense of εσθίω | esthiō (= eat).

sardine < middle english sardine < latin sardina < ancient greek σαρδίνη, σαρδίνος | sardhinē, sardhinos (= sardine) < Σαρδώ | Sardhō (= Sardinia) {> latin Sardinia}.

sardonic < french sardonique < latin sardonius < ancient greek σαρδόνιος [γέλως] | sardhonios [ghelōs] (= of bitter or scornful [laughter]) < (?) σαρδάνη | sardanē (= plant from Sardinia) [from the belief that this plant caused facial convulsions, if it was eaten] < Σαρδώ | Sardhō (= Sardinia).

sartorial < modern latin sartorius < late latin sartor (= tailor) < latin sarcio [inf. sarcire] (= to patch, mend).

Satan < old english Satan < late latin Satan < ancient greek Σατανάς | Satanas < hebrew satan (= adversary) < satan (= oppose, plot against) < s-t-n (= one who opposes).

satellite < middle french satellite < latin satelles [gen. satellitis] (= an attendant, body-guard).

satiety < middle french satiété < latin satietas (= sufficiency, fullness) < satis (= enough).

satin < middle english satin < old french satin [(?) by influence of latin seta (= silk)] < (?) arabic [atlas] zaytuni (= [satin] from Zaitun) < Zaitun (= (?) Quanzhou), a Chinese city.

satire < middle english satire < middle french satire < latin satira (= satire, poetic medley) < satura (= full, mixed [dish]) < satura, female of satur (= sated, full).

satisfy < middle english satisfy < middle french satisfier < old french satisfaire (= pay, make reparation) < latin satisfacio [inf. satisfacere] (= discharge fully) < satis (= enough) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

satrap < middle english satrap < latin satrapes < ancient greek σατράπης | satrapēs (= governor of a Persian province) < old persian xšathrapavan- (= guardian of the realm) < xšathra- (= realm, province) + pavan- (= guardian).

saturate < latin saturatus, past participle of saturo [inf. saturare] (= fill full, sate) < satur (= sated, full).

Saturday < old english sæterdæg / sæternesdæg (= Saturn day) < Sætern (= Saturn) + old english dæg (= day).

Saturn < old english Sætern < latin Saturnus, the Italic god of agriculture < (?) etruscan origin.

satyr < middle english satyr < latin satyrus < ancient greek Σάτυρος | Satyros, a deity of woodland, companion of god Dionusos.

sauce < middle english sauce < old french sauce / sausse < latin salsa (= salt food) < salsa, female past participle of sal(l)o [inf. sal(l)ere] (= to salt) < sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

saucer < middle english saucer < anglo-latin saucerium / old french saussier (= sauce dish) < late latin salsarium, neuter of salsarius (= of salted thing) < latin salsus, past participle of sal(l)o [inf. sal(l)ere] (= to salt) < sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

Saudi Arabia < arabic Sa’ud, family name of rulers (< sa’d (= good fortune, happiness)) + ‘arab (= (?) inhabitant of the desert).

Saul < latin Saul < hebrew Shaul < shaul (= asked for), passive participle of sha’al (= he asked for).

sauna < finnish sauna.

sausage < middle english sawsyge < old french saussiche < vulgar latin *salsica (= sausage) < salsicus (= seasoned with salt) < latin salsus, past participle of sal(l)o [inf. sal(l)ere] (= to salt) < sal [gen. salis] (= salt) < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

savage < middle english savage < old french salvage / sauvage (= wild, untamed) < late latin salvaticus < silvaticus (= of the forest, wild) < silva (= forest, grove).

savanna(h) < spanish sabana < zavana (= treeless plain) < arawakan zabana.

save < middle english save < old french sauver (= keep safe, protect) < late latin salvo [inf. salvare] (= make safe, secure) < latin salvus (= safe).

savor < middle english savor < old french savor (= flavor, taste) < latin sapor (= flavor, taste).

saw (= toothed cutting tool) < old english sagu < proto-germanic *sago (= cutting tool) {> old norse sög, norwegian sag, swedish såg, danish sav, dutch zaag, german Säge} < I.E. *sek- (= to cut).

saw (= proverb, saying) < old english sagu (= speech, tale) < proto-germanic *saga- / *sagon- {> old norse saga, middle dutch sage, german Sage} < I.E. *sek(w)-₍₃₎ (= to say).

saw (past tense of see) < old english [plural] sawon.

Saxon < middle english Saxon < late latin Saxo < proto-germanic *sahsa- (= knife) < I.E. *sek- (= to cut).

saxophone < french saxophone < [Antoine Joseph Adolphe] Sax, Belgian instrument maker (< Sachs / Sacks (= Saxon)) + ancient greek φωνή | phōnē (= voice, sound).

say < old english secgan (= speak, tell) < proto-germanic *sagjanan {> old norse segja, danish sige, dutch zeggen, german sagen} < I.E. *sokwyo- < * sek(w)-₍₃₎ (= to say).

sayonara < japanese sayonara (= if it is to be that way) < sayo (= that way) + nara (= if).

scab < middle english scab < old english sceabb (= scab, itch) < proto-germanic *skab- (= scratch).

scabbard < middle english scabbard < anglo-french *escauberc (= sheath, vagina) < proto-germanic *sker-berg- (= sword-protector) < *skar (= blade) + *berg- (= protect).

scabies < middle english scabies < latin scabies (= mange, itch) < scabo [inf. scabere] (= to scratch).

scaffold < middle english scaffold < old french eschafaut < chaffaut < vulgar latin *catafalicum < ancient greek κατά | kata (= down, beside) + latin fala (= wooden siege tower) (< etruscan origin).

scald < middle english scald < old french escalder (= to scorch) < late latin excaldo [inf. excaldare] (= bathe in hot water) < latin ex (= out) + calidus (= hot).

scale (= skin plate) < middle english scale < old french escale (= cup, shell pod) < frankish *skala < proto-germanic *skælo (= split, divide).

scale (= weighing scale) < middle english scale < old norse skal (= bowl, cup, weighing scale) < proto-germanic *skæla (= split, divide).

scale (= to climb by a ladder) < middle english scale < scale (= ladder) < latin scala (= ladder) < scando [inf. scandere] (= to climb).

scalp < middle english scalp (= top of the head) < I.E. *skel-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

scalpel < latin scalpellum (= surgical knife), a diminutive of scalprum (= knife, chisel) < scalpo [inf. scalpere] (= to carve, cut) < I.E. *skel-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

scamp < (?) scamp (= to roam), a shortening of scamper (q.v.).

scamper < (?) flemish schampeeren < schampen (= run away) < old french escamper (= run away, escape) < vulgar latin *excampo [inf. excampare] (= decamp) < latin ex campo (= out of the field) < ex (= out) + campo, ablative of campus (= field).

scan < middle english scan (= mark off verse in metric feet) < latin scando [inf. scandere] (= to climb, to scan verse).

scandal < middle french scandale < late latin scandalum (= cause for offense, temptation) < ancient greek σκάνδαλον | skandhalon (= a trap, offense, stumbling block).

Scandinavia < late latin Scandinavia < proto-germanic *skadinaujo (= Scadia island) < *skadin (= Scadia) + *aujo (= thing on water) (< I.E. *akwā- (= water)).

scant < middle english scant < proto-germanic *skamma-.

scapula < late latin scapula (= shoulder) < latin scapulae [plural] (= shoulders, shoulder blades).

scar < middle english scar < old norse sker (= low reef) < proto-germanic *sker- (= to cut).

scarab < middle french scarabeé < latin scarabaeus < ancient greek κάραβος | karabhos (= beetle, crayfish).

scarce < middle english scarce < old french scars (= scanty, scarce) < vulgar latin *scarsus < *escarpsus < *exscarpo [inf. excarpere] (= pluck out) < latin excerpo [inf. excerpere] (= pluck out) < ex (= out) + carpo [inf. carpere] (= to pluck, cut).

scare < middle english skerren < old norse skirra (= to frighten, to shrink from).

scarf < (?) old french escarpe (= sash, sling) < (?) 1. frankish *skirpjaor or 2. medieval latin scirpa (= little bag woven of rushes) < latin scirpus (= rush, bulrush).

scarify < middle english scarify < middle french scarifier (= score, scrape) < late latin scarifico [inf. scarificare] < latin scarifo [inf. scarifare] (= to scratch open) < ancient greek σκαριφώμαι | skariphōmae (= to sketch) < σκάριφος | skariphos (= pencil).

scarlet < middle english scarlet < old french escarlate (= scarlet color) < (?) germanic source.

scarp < italian scarpa (= slope) < (?) gothic skarpo (= pointed object) < proto-germanic *skarpa- (= cutting, sharp).

scathe < middle english scathe < old norse skaða (= to hurt, harm) < proto-germanic *skathan-.

scenario < italian scenario < late latin scenarius (= of stage scenes) < latin sc(a)ena (= scene) < ancient greek σκηνή | skēnē (= wooden stage for actors).

scene < middle french scène < latin sc(a)ena (= scene) < ancient greek σκηνή | skēnē (= wooden stage for actors).

scent < middle english sent < old french sentir (= to feel, smell, taste) < latin sentio [inf. sentire] (= to feel, perceive, sense).

sceptic < middle french sceptique< latin scepticus (= the sect of the Skeptics philosophers) < ancient greek Σκεπτικοί | Skeptikoe (= the Skeptics), plural of σκεπτικός | skeptikos (= inquiring, reflective) < σκέπτομαι | skeptomae (= watch, examine, think).

schedule < middle english sedule | cedule < old french cedule < late latin schedula (= strip of paper, note, schedule) < a diminutive of latin scheda / scida (= strip of paper) < ancient greek σχέδιον | skhedhion (= near, sketchy) < σχεδόν | skhedhon (= nearly, almost) < stem σχε- | skhe- of έσχον | eskhon, past tense of έχω | ekhō (= have) < I.E. *segh- (= hold).

scheme < medieval latin schema (= shape, figure, form) < ancient greek σχήμα | skhēma (= figure, appearance) < stem σχη- | skhē- of σχήσω | skhēsō, future tense of έχω | ekhō (= have) < I.E. *segh- (= hold).

scherzo < italian scherzo (= sport, joke) < scherzare (= to jest, joke) < germanic source.

schism < middle english scisme < old french (s)cisme (= split) < latin schisma < ancient greek σχίσμα | skhisma (= division, cleft) < σχίζω | skhizō (= to split).

schizophrenia < modern latin schizophrenia (= a splitting of the mind) < german Schizophrenie < ancient greek σχίζω | skhizō (= to split) + φρην | phrēn [gen. φρενός | phrenos] (= mind).

schnapps < german Schnaps (= a mouthful, gulp) < low german snaps < snappen (= to snap).

schnitzel < german Schnitzel (= slice, cutlet), a diminutive of Schnitz (= a cut, slice) < schnitzen (= to carve) < schneiden (= to cut) < old high german snidan < proto-germanic *snitt-ja- < I.E. *sneit- (= to cut).

scholar < old english scolere (= student) < medieval latin scholaris (= student) < late latin scholaris (= of a school) < latin schola [see school].

school (= place of instruction) < old english scol < latin schola (= intermission of work, leisure, place of instruction, disciples of a teacher) {> spanish escuela, italian scuola, french école, german Schule, swedish skola, welsh ysgol, russian shkola} < ancient greek σχολή | skholē (= spare time, leisure, rest, a place for lectures, school) < stem σχο- | skhō- of έσχον | eskhon, past tense of έχω | ekhō (= have) < I.E. *segh- (= hold).

school (= group of fishes) < middle english scole < middle dutch schole (= group of fishes or animals) < west germanic *skulo-.

science < middle english science < old french science (= knowledge, learning) < latin scientia (= knowledge, expertness) < sciens [gen. scientis], present participle of scio [inf. scire] (= know) < I.E. *skei- (= to cut, split).

scientific < middle french scientifique < medieval latin scientificus (= of science) < latin scientia (= knowledge) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

scion < middle english scion < old french cion / sion (= descendant, twig, offspring) < (?) a diminutive of frankish *kid- < proto-germanic *kidon- < I.E. *geie- (= to sprout, open).

scissors < middle english sisoures [plural] < old french cisoires [plural] (= shears) < vulgar latin *cisoria [plural] (= cutting instrument) < *cisus < latin caedo [inf. caedere] (= to cut).

sclerosis < middle english sclerosis < medieval latin sclirosis (= hardness) < ancient greek σκλήρωσις | sklērōsis (= a hardening) < σκληρός | sklēros (= hard).

scoliosis < ancient greek σκολίωσις | skoliōsis (= crookedness) < σκολιός | skolios (= bent, curved).

scoop < middle english scoop < middle dutch schope (= bucket for bailing water) < west germanic *skopo < proto-germanic *skop- < I.E. *(s)kep- (= to cut, scrape).

scope < italian scopo (= aim, purpose, target) < latin scopus < ancient greek σκοπός | skopos (= target, watcher) (< σκέπτομαι | skeptomae (= watch, examine, think)).

scorch < middle english scorch < (?) 1. scorrcnenn (= make dry) < (?) old norse skorpna (= to be shriveled) or 2. old french escorchier (= to strip off the skin) < vulgar latin *excortico [inf. excorticare] (= to flay) < latin ex (= out) + cortex [gen. corticis] (= cork).

score < old english scoru (= twenty) < old norse skor (= mark, notch, twenty) < proto-germanic *skur-.

scorn < middle english scorn < a shortening of old french escarn (= mockery, derision) < proto-germanic *skarnjan (= mock, deride).

Scorpio < middle english Scorpio < latin scorpio < scorpius < ancient greek σκορπιός | skorpios (= scorpion) < I.E. *(s)ker-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

scorpion < middle english scorpion < old french scorpion < latin scorpio < scorpius < ancient greek σκορπιός | skorpios (= scorpion) < I.E. *(s)ker-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

scot-free < old english scotfreo (= exempt from royal tax) < scot (= royal tax) (< old norse skot (= a shooting, contribution)) + freo (= free) (< proto-germanic *friaz (= beloved)).

Scotch < Scottish < Scot (+ [suffix] -ish) < old english Scottas [plural] (= Irishmen, Irish settlers of England) < late latin Scotti < (?) celtic source.

scourge < middle english scourge (= a whip, lash) < anglo-french escorge < old french escorgier (= to whip) < vulgar latin *excorrigio [inf. excorrigiare] < latin ex (= out) + corrigia (= thong, shoelace, whip).

scout < middle english scout < old french escouter (= to listen, heed) < latin ausculto [inf. auscultare] (= listen to) < ausicula < auricula, a diminutive of auris (= ear).

scrabble < dutch schrabbelen < schrabben (= to scratch) < I.E. *sker-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

scrap < middle english scrap < old norse skrap (= scraps, trifles) < skrapa (= to scrape, scratch).

scrape < middle english scrape < (?) old norse skrapa (= to scrape, erase) < proto-germanic *skrapojan.

scratch < middle english scratch < (?) a fusion of scratten (= to scrape) + crachen (= to scratch).

scream < middle english scræmen (= scream, cry aloud) < germanic origin.

screen < middle english screen (= furniture for protection from heat) < (?) old french escren / old french escran (= fire-screen) < (?) 1. middle dutch scherm (= screen, cover, shield) or 2. frankish *skrank (= barrier) < proto-germanic *skerm-.

screw < middle english screw < middle french escroue (= nut, socket, screwhole) < (?) gallo-roman *scroba / west germanic *scruva < vulgar latin scrobis (= screw-head groove) < latin scrobis (= ditch, trench, vagina).

scribble < middle english scribble < medieval latin scribillo [inf. scribillare] (= to write in rough) < latin scribo [inf. scribere] (= to write).

scribe < middle english scribe < latin scribo [inf. scribere] (= to write) < I.E. *skribh- (= to cut, sift, separate).

script < middle english script < scrite < old french escrit (= piece of writing, written paper) < latin scriptum (= a writing, book, law, line) < scriptum, neuter past participle of scribo [inf. scribere] (= to write) < I.E. *skribh- (= to cut, sift, separate).

scroll < middle english scroll altered [by influence of rolle (= roll)] < scrowe < anglo-french escrowe / old french escroe (= scrap, roll of parchment) < frankish *skroda (= shred) < proto-germanic *skrauth-.

scrounge < scrunge (= to search stealthily) < (?) scringe (= to pry about).

scrub < middle english scrub < shrubben < (?) middle dutch / middle low german schrubben (= to scrub).

scruple < middle english scruple < old french scrupule < latin scrupulus (= uneasiness, anxiety), a diminutive of scrupus (= sharp stone) [(?) causing anxiety if it is in one’s shoe].

scrutiny < middle english scrutiny < late latin scrutinium (= a search, inquiry) < latin scrutor [inf. scrutari] (= to examine, search).

scuba < an acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus [1952].

sculpture < middle english sculpture < latin sculptura (= sculpture) < sculpo [inf. sculpere] (= to carve, engrave).

scum < middle english scum < middle dutch schume (= foam, froth) < proto-germanic *skuma-.

scurf < old english sceorf < proto-germanic *skurf-.

scuttle (= bucket) < old english scutel (= dish, platter) < latin scutella (= serving platter), a diminutive of scutra (= flat tray, dish).

scythe < old english siðe / sigði < proto-germanic *segitho (= sickle) < I.E. *sek- (= to cut).

sea < old english sæ (= sea, lake, pool) < proto-germanic *saiwa- {> old norse sær, swedish sjö, old saxon seo, old frisian se, middle dutch see, dutch zee, danish sø, german See}.

seagull < sea + gull (< (?) old celtic *voilenno-).

seal < old english seolh (= seal) < proto-germanic *selkhaz < (?) finnic source.

seal (= design stamped on wax) < middle english seal < old french seel < vulgar latin *sigellum < latin sigillum (= small picture, seal), a diminutive of signum (= identifying mark, sign).

seam < old english seam (= seam, suture, junction) < proto-germanic *saumaz.

Sean < irish Sean / Shaun / Shawn < John < Jan / Jon < old french Jan / Jean / Jehan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

search < middle english search < old french cerchier (= to search) < latin circo [inf. circare] (= go about, wander) < circus (= circle).

season < middle english season < old french saison / seison (= season, date) < latin satio (= a sowing, planting) < sero [inf. serere] (= to sow).

seat < middle english seat < old norse sæti (= seat, position) < proto-germanic *sæt- < I.E. *sed-₍₁₎ (= to sit).

Sebastian < latin Sebastianus < ancient greek Σεβαστιανός | Sebhastianos (= man of Sebastia) < Σεβάστια | Sebhastia, a city in Asia Minor < σεβαστός | sebhastos (= venerable) < σέβας | sebhas (= respect).

sec < french sec (= dry) < latin siccus (= dry).

secede < latin secedo [inf. secedere] (= go away, separate, rebel) < se- (= apart) + cedo [inf. cedere] (= go).

seclude < middle english seclude < latin secludo [inf. secludere] (= shut off) < se- (= apart) + claudo [inf. claudere] (= to shut).

second < middle english second < old french second / secont < latin secundus (= following, secondary) < I.E. *sekw- (= to follow).

secret < middle english secret < latin secretus, past participle of secerno [inf. secernere] (= set apart, divide) < se- (= apart) + cerno [inf. cernere] (= separate).

secretary < middle english secretary < medieval latin secretarius (= clerk, notary, confidential officer) < latin secretum (= secret, hidden thing) < secretum, neuter past participle of secerno [inf. secernere] (= set apart, divide) < se- (= apart) + cerno [inf. cernere] (= separate).

sect < middle english sect < old french se(c)te (= sect, religious community) / late latin secta (= sect, religious group) < latin secta (= way, manner, mode, school of thought) < secta, female past participle of sequor [inf. sequi] (= follow).

section < middle english section < old french section / latin sectio (= a cutting, division) < seco [inf. secare] (= to cut).

sector < late latin sector (= section of a circle) < latin sectus, past participle of seco [inf. secare] (= to cut).

secular < middle english secular < old french seculer < late latin saecularis (= worldly, secular) < latin saecularis (= of an age) < saeculum (= age, lifetime, generation).

secure < latin securus (= quiet, careless, safe) < se- (= apart) + cura (= care).

sedan < (?) italian [dialectal] sede (= chair) < latin sedes (= chair).

sedate < latin sedatus (= moderate, quiet), past participle of sedo [inf. sedare] (= to settle, calm) < sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

sedge < old english secg (= sedge, reed, rush) < proto-germanic *sagjaz (= plant with a cutting edge).

sediment < middle french sédiment < latin sedimentum (= a settling, sinking down) < sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

sedition < middle english sedition < old french sedicion < latin seditio (= civil disorder, dissension, rebellion) < se- (= apart) + itio (= a going) (< eo [inf. ire] (= go)).

seduce < latin seduco [inf. seducere] (= lead away, lead astray) < se- (= apart) + duco [inf. ducere] (= to lead).

sedulous < latin sedulus (= attentive, diligent, busy, zealous) < (?) sedulo (= sincerely, diligently) < sedolo (= without deception) < se- (= apart) + dolo, ablative of dolus (= deception, guile).

see (= look) < old english seon (= see, look, behold) < proto-germanic *sehwanan {> old norse sja, middle dutch sien, old high german sehan, german sehen} < I.E. *sekw-₍₂₎ (= to see).

see (= throne of a bishop) < middle english see < old french sie (= seat, throne, capital, episcopal see) < latin sedes (= seat, throne).

seed < old english sed / sæd < proto-germanic *sediz (= seed) < I.E. *se-ti- (= sowing) < *sē- (= to sow).

seek < old english secan (= inquire, search for, pursue) [by influence of old norse soekja] < proto-germanic *sakanan.

seem < middle english seem < old norse soema (= to honor, put up with) < soemr (= fitting) < proto-germanic *somiz < I.E. *somi- < *sem-₍₁₎ (= one, as one).

seen < middle english sein < old english gesegen / gesewen, past participle of seon (= see, look, behold) < proto-germanic *sehwanan < I.E. *sekw-₍₂₎ (= to see).

seethe < old english seoþan (= to boil, be troubled in mind) < proto-germanic *seuthan.

segment < latin segmentum (= a piece cut off, a cutting) < seco [inf. secare] (= to cut).

segregate < latin segregatus, past participle of segrego [inf. segregare] (= set apart, divide) < se- (= apart) + grex [gen. gregis] (= herd, flock).

seignior < middle english seignior < old french seignior < latin senior (= older), comparative of senex [gen. senis] (= old).

seine < old english segne (= drag-net) < west germanic *sagina < ancient greek σαγήνη / sagēnē (= fishing net).

seismic < ancient greek σεισμός | soesmos (= earthquake) < σείω | soeō (= to shake).

seize < middle english seize < old french seisir (= take by force, bestow upon) < late latin sacio [inf. sacire] (= seize) < (?) 1. frankish *sakjan (= lay claim to) or 2. proto-germanic *satjan (= to place).

seldom < old english seldum < seldan (= rarely) < proto-germanic *selda- (= strange, rare).

select < latin selectus, past participle of seligo [inf. seligere] (= choose out, select, separate) < se- (= apart) + lego [inf. legere] (= gather, select).

Selene < ancient greek Σελήνη | Selēnē (= the moon, the moon goddess) < σέλας | selas (= light, brightness) < I.E. *swel-₍₂₎ (= to shine, beam).

self < old english se(o)lf / sylf (= one’s own person, same) < proto-germanic *selbaz (= self) < I.E. *sel-bho- < *s(w)e-, pronoun of third person.

selfie < self [photo] + [suffix] -ie [2005].

Selina < french Céline < latin caelina (= heavenly) < caelum (= heaven, sky).

sell < old english sellan (= give, supply, surrender, deliver to) < proto-germanic *saljanan (= offer up, deliver) < I.E. *sel-₍₃₎ (= take, grasp).

selvage < middle english selvage (= edge of web or cloth) < self (q.v.) + edge (< old english ecg (= corner, edge) < proto-germanic *agjo).

semantic < french sémantique < ancient greek σημαντικός | sēmantikos (= significant) < σημαίνω | sēmaenō (= signify, point out) < σήμα | sēma (= sign, mark, token).

semaphore < (?) french sémaphore (= a bearer of signals) < ancient greek σήμα | sēma (= sign, signal) + -φόρος | -phoros (= bearer) (< φέρω | pherō (= to carry)).

semen < middle english semen < latin semen (= seed, offspring) < I.E. *semen- (= seed) < *sē- (= to sow).

semester < german Semester (= half-year course in a university) < latin semestris / semenstris (= of six months) < sex (= six) + mensis (= month).

semi- < latin semi- (= half, part, partial) < I.E. *semi- (= half).

semicolon < latin semi- (= half) + ancient greek κώλον | kōlon (= colon).

seminal < middle english seminal < old french seminal < latin seminalis (= of seed) < semen [gen. seminis] (= seed, offspring) < I.E. *semen- (= seed) < *sē- (= to sow).

seminar < german Seminar (= group of students working with a professor) < latin seminarium (= plant nursery, breeding ground) < seminarium, neuter of seminarius (= of seed) < semen [gen. seminis] (= seed, offspring).

seminary < middle english seminary < latin seminarium (= plant nursery, breeding ground) < seminarium, neuter of seminarius (= of seed) < semen [gen. seminis] (= seed, offspring).

Semite < french Sémite < modern latin Semita < late latin Sem < ancient greek Σημ | Sēm < hebrew Shem (= name), son of Noah and ancestor of Semites.

senate < middle english senate < old french senat / latin senatus (= highest council of the state) < senex [gen. senis] (= old).

send < old english sendan (= send, throw, impel) < proto-germanic *sond- {> old norse senda, dutch zenden, german senden} < I.E. *sent- (= to head for, go).

senile < french sénile < latin senilis (= of old age) < senex [gen. senis] (= old).

senior < middle english senior < latin senior (= older), comparative of senex [gen. senis] (= old).

sense < middle english sense < old french sens (= sense, meaning, wit) < latin sensus (= perception, feeling, meaning) < sentio [inf. sentire] (= perceive, feel, know).

sentence < middle english sentence < old french sentence (= judgment, decision, meaning) < latin sententia (= thought, opinion, judgment, decision) < sentiens [gen. sentientis], present participle of sentio [inf. sentire] (= perceive, feel, know).

sentiment < middle english sentement < old french sentement < medieval latin sentimentum (= feeling, affection, opinion) < latin sentio [inf. sentire] (= perceive, feel, know).

sentinel < middle french sentinelle < italian sentinella (= sentinel) < (?) latin sentio [inf. sentire] (= perceive, feel, know).

Seoul < korean Seoul < seoul (= capital).

separate < middle english separate < latin separatus, past participle of separo [inf. separare] (= pull apart) < se- (= apart) + paro [inf. parare] (= make ready, prepare).

sepia < italian seppia < latin sepia (= cuttlefish) < ancient greek σέπια | sepia (= cuttlefish).

September < old english September < latin September [mensis] (= seventh [month]) [of the old Roman calendar, which began with March] < septem (= seven) + [suffix] -ber (< -bris).

septic < latin septicus < ancient greek σηπτικός | sēptikos (= of putrefaction) < σήπω | sēpō (= make putrid, cause to rot).

sepulchre < middle english sepulcher < old french sepulcre (= tomb, the Holy Sepulchre) < latin sepulcrum (= grave, tomb).

sequel < middle english sequel < old french sequelle < late latin sequela (= result, consequence) < sequor [inf. sequi] (= to follow).

sequence < middle english sequence < old french sequence (= answering verses) < medieval latin sequentia (= a following, a succession) < latin sequens [gen. sequentis], present participle of sequor [inf. sequi] (= to follow).

sequester < middle english sequester < old french sequestrer < late latin sequestro [inf. sequestrare] (= to place in safekeeping) < latin sequester (= trustee, mediator), (?) related to sequor [inf. sequi] (= to follow).

sequoia < modern latin sequoia < Sequoya, in honor of this Cherokee man < iroquoian Sikwayi.

seraph < old english seraphim [plural] < late latin seraphim < ancient greek Σεραφείμ | Seraphoem < hebrew seraphim, plural of *saraph (= the burning one) < saraph (= it burned).

Serb < serbian Srb (= man).

sere < old english sear (= dried up, withered, barren) < proto-germanic *sauzas < I.E. *saus- (= dry).

Serena < latin serena, female of serenus (= clear, bright, joyous).

serenade < french sérénade < italian serenata (= evening song) < sereno (= open air) < sereno (= clear, calm) < latin serenus (= peaceful, calm, serene).

serene < middle english serene < latin serenus (= peaceful, calm, clear).

serf < middle english serf < old french serf (= vassal, servant, slave) < latin servus (= slave).

serge < middle english serge < old french serge < vulgar latin *sarica < latin serica [vestis] (= silken [garment]) < ancient greek σηρική | sērikē, female of σηρικός | sērikos (= silken) < σηρ | sēr (= silkworm).

sergeant < middle english sergeant (= servant) < old french sergent / serjant (= servant, valet, soldier) < medieval latin serviens [gen. servientis] (= servant, vassal, soldier) < latin serviens, present participle of servio [inf. servire] (= be a servant, to serve).

Sergius < latin Sergius < etruscan origin.

serial < series + [suffix] -al.

series < latin series (= row, chain, series, sequence) < sero [inf. serere] (= to join, link, bind).

serious < middle english serious < middle french sérieux (= grave, earnest) < late latin seriosus < latin serius (= weighty, important, grave).

sermon < middle english sarmun < anglo-french sermun / old french sermon (= speech, discourse) < latin sermo (= continued speech, conversation).

serpent < middle english serpent < old french sarpent / serpent (= snake, serpent) < latin serpens [gen. serpentis] (= snake) < serpens, present participle of serpo [inf. serpere] (= to creep).

serpentine < middle english serpentine < old french serpentin (= of a snake) < late latin serpentius (= of a snake) < latin serpens [gen. serpentis] (= snake) < serpens, present participle of serpo [inf. serpere] (= to creep).

serrate < latin serratus (= sawlike, notched like a saw) < serra (= a saw).

serum < latin serum (= watery fluid, whey).

serve < middle english serve < old french servir (= set table, serve at table, offer) < latin servio [inf. servire] (= be a servant, to serve).

Servian < medieval latin Servia < Serb < serbian Srb (= man).

service < middle english service < old french servise (= servitude, service at table, Mass) < latin servitium (= slavery, servitude) < servus (= slave).

servo < servo-motor < french servo-moteur < latin servus (= slave) + late latin motor (= mover) (< latin moveo [inf. movere] (= to move)).

sesame < middle english sesame < (?) middle french sisame < latin sesamum < ancient greek σήσαμον | sēsamon (= sesame) < hebrew shumshom.

session < middle english session < old french session (= state of sitting, assembly) < latin sessio (= act of sitting, a seat, session) < sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

set < old english settan < proto-germanic *(bi)satejanan (= to cause to sit, set) {> old norse setja, swedish sätta, dutch zetten, german setzen} < I.E. *sod- < *sed-₍₁₎ (= to sit).

settle < middle english setle (= a seat) < old english setl (= a seat, stall, position) < proto-germanic *setla- < I.E. *sedla- < *sed-₍₁₎ (= to sit).

seven < old english seofon < proto-germanic *sebun {> old norse sjau, swedish sju, danish syv, dutch zeven, gothic sibun, german sieben} < I.E. *septm (= seven) {> latin septem, ancient greek επτά | epta}.

sever < middle english sever < anglo-french severer / old french sevrer (= to separate) < vulgar latin *sepero [inf. seperare] < latin separo [inf. separare] (= pull apart) < se- (= apart) + paro [inf. parare] (= make ready, prepare).

several < middle english several < anglo-french several < middle french seperalis (= separate) < medieval latin separalis < latin separ (= separate, different) < latin separo [inf. separare] (= pull apart) < se- (= apart) + paro [inf. parare] (= make ready, prepare).

severe < middle french severe < latin severus (= serious, strict, austere).

Seville < spanish Sevilla < phoenician sefela (= plain, valley).

sew < old english siwian (= to stitch, sew, mend) < siowian < proto-germanic *siwjanan < I.E. *syu- (= to bind, sew).

sex < middle english sex (= gender) < latin sexus (= a sex, gender).

Seychelles < french [Jean Moreau de] Séchelles, a minister of finance [named in honor of him].

shackle < old english sceacel (= shackle, fetter) < proto-germanic *skakula-.

shade < middle english schade < old english scead (= partial darkness, shelter) / sceadu (= shadow, darkness) < proto-germanic *skadwaz < I.E. *skot-wo- < *skot- (= dark, shade) {> ancient greek σκότος | skotos}.

shadow < old english sceadwe / sceaduwe < sceadu (= shadow, darkness) < proto-germanic *skadwaz < I.E. *skot-wo- < *skot- (= dark, shade) {> ancient greek σκότος | skotos}.

shaft < old english sceaft (= staff, pole, spear) < proto-germanic *skaftaz.

shag < (?) old english sceacga (= rough matted hair or wool) < proto-germanic *skagjan.

shah < persian shah < old persian xšayathiya (= king) < indo-iranian *ksayati (= he rules).

shake < old english sceacan < proto-germanic *skakanan.

shall < old english sceal / scule (= will have to, ought to, must) < proto-germanic *skal-.

shalom < hebrew shalom (= peace, completeness, soundness) < shalam (= was complete, was in good health).

shaman < (?) german Schamane < russian sha’man < tungus saman < (?) chinese sha men (= Buddhist monk) < pirakrit samaya- < sanskrit sramana-s (= Buddhist ascetic).

shambles < middle english shambles (= meat or fish market) < schamil (= table, stall for vending) < old english scamol / scomul (= stool, bench, table for vending).

shame < old english scamu / sceomu (= feeling of guilt, disgrace) < proto-germanic *skamo.

shampoo < anglo-indian shampoo < hindi champo, imperative of champna (= to press, knead the muscles) < (?) sanskrit capayati (= pounds, kneads).

Shanghai < chinese Shanghai (= by the sea) < shang (= on, above) + hai (= sea).

shank < old english sceanca (= leg, shank, shinbone) < proto-germanic *skunkia-.

shape < old english scapan, past participle of scieppan (= create, form) < proto-germanic *skapjanan (= create).

shard < old english sceard (= cleft, gap, fragment) < proto-germanic *skardaz.

share < old english scearu (= a cutting, part, division) < proto-germanic *skeraz.

sharia < arabic shari’ah (= the revealed law) < shar’ (= revelation).

shark < (?) 1. german Schorck < Schurke (= scoundrel, villain) < middle high german schürgen (= to poke, stir) or 2. mayan xoc (= shark).

Sharon < hebrew Sharon, a shortening of yesharon (= the plain) < yashar (= was straight, was even).

sharp < old english scearp (= pointed, acute, biting) < proto-germanic *skarpaz (= cutting).

shave < old english sceafan (= scrape, shave, polish) < proto-germanic *skaban.

she < middle english she < old english seo / sio, female of se (= the) < I.E. *so- (= this, that).

shear < old english sceran / scieran (= to cleave, hew, cut, shear) < proto-germanic *skero (= to cut).

sheath < old english sceað / scæð < proto-germanic *skaith-.

shed < old english sceadan / scadan (= to divide, separate, decide) < proto-germanic *skaithan.

sheen < sheene (= beautiful, bright) < old english scene / sciene (= beautiful, bright) < proto-germanic *skauniz (= conspicuous).

sheep < old english sce(a)p < west germanic *skæpan {> dutch schaap, middle low german schap, old high german scaf, german Schaf}.

sheer < middle english sheer (= exempt, free from guilt) < old english scir (= bright, clear, pure) < proto-germanic *skeran.

sheet < old english sc(i)ete (= cloth, covering, towel) < proto-germanic *skautjon- < *skauta- (= project).

sheik < arabic shaykh (= chief, old man) < shakha (= grow old).

Sheila < irish Sheila < Celia, a shortening of Cecilia, female of Cecil < latin Caecilius < caecus (= blind).

shekel < middle english sicle < hebrew sheqel < shaqal (= he weighed).

shelf < middle english shelf < 1. middle low german schelf (= shelf) or 2. old english scylfe (= shelf, floor) / scylf (= peak, pinnacle) < proto-germanic *skelf- (= split).

shell < old english scell / sciell / scill (= seashell, eggshell) < proto-germanic *skaljo (= piece cut off, shell, scale).

shelter < (?) middle english sheltron / sheldtrume (= wall formed by locked shields) < old english scyldtruma < scield (= shield) + truma (= troop).

shepherd < old english sceaphierde < sceap (= sheep) + hierde (= herder) (< heord (= herd)).

sheriff < old english scirgerefa < scir (= administrative office, stewardship, authority) + gerefa (= chief, official).

Sherlock < old english scir (= bright) + locc (= lock of hair).

shiatsu < japanese shiatsu (= finger-pressure).

shield < old english sci(e)ld (= board, shield, protector, defense) < proto-germanic *skelduz.

shift < old english sciftan / scyftan (= arrange, order, divide, share) < proto-germanic *skiftan.

Shiite < arabic shiya’iy (= follower) < shi’ah (= part, sect).

shilling < old english scilling < proto-germanic *skillingoz-.

shimmer < old english scimerian (= to glitter, shimmer, shine) < proto-germanic *skim-.

shin < old english scinu (= shin, fore part of the lower leg) < proto-germanic *skino (= thin piece).

shine < old english scinan (= shed light, be radiant, illuminate) < proto-germanic *skeinanan.

shingle < middle english scincle < late latin scindula < latin scandula (= roof tile) < scindo [inf. scindere] (= to cut, rend, split).

shingles < middle english shingles < medieval latin cingulus < latin cingulum (= girdle) < cingo [inf. cingere] (= to gird).

Shinto < chinese shin tao (= way of the gods) < shin (= god, spirit) + tao (= way, path, doctrine).

ship < old english scip (= ship, boat) < proto-germanic *skipa- {> old norse skip, swedish skepp, danish skib, dutch schip, gothic skip, old high german skif, german Schiff}.

shire < old english scir (= administrative office, authority, district, province) < proto-germanic *skizo.

shirt < old english scyrte (= skirt, tunic) < proto-germanic *skurtjon (= short garment).

shit < old english scitan < proto-germanic *skit- < I.E. *skei- (= to cut, split).

shoal < middle english shoal < old english schealde < sceald (= shallow) < proto-germanic *skala-.

shock < middle french choc (= violent attack) < old french choquer (= strike against) < germanic origin.

shoe < old english scoh (= shoe) < proto-germanic *skokhaz {> old norse skor, swedish sko, danish sko, dutch schoen, german Schuh}.

shoot < old english sceotan (= to strike, hit, wound with missiles) < proto-germanic *skeutanan.

shop < middle english shop < (?) 1. old english scoppa < proto-germanic *skoppan (= small additional structure) or 2. old french eschoppe (= booth, stall) < proto-germanic *skoppan.

shore < middle english shore < middle low german schor (= shore, coast) / middle dutch scorre (= coast) < (?) proto-germanic *skur-o- (= cut).

short < old english sc(e)ort (= short, brief) < (?) proto-germanic *skurta-.

shot < old english sc(e)ot (= a shot, a shooting) < proto-germanic *skutan.

shoulder < old english sculdor < west germanic *skuldro.

shout < middle english schowten (= call loudly, cry out loudly).

shove < old english scufan (= push away, thrust) < proto-germanic *skūbanan.

show < old english sceawian (= look at, gaze, behold) < proto-germanic *skauwojan < *skau- (= look at, behold).

shower < old english scur (= storm, tempest) < proto-germanic *skuraz.

shred < old english screade (= piece cut off, scrap) < proto-germanic *skraudōn-.

shrimp < middle english shrimp (= slender) < (?) old norse skreppa (= thin) < proto-germanic *skrimp-.

shrink < old english scrincan (= to draw in the limbs, contract, wither) < proto-germanic *skrink-.

shrive < old english scrifan (= assign, prescribe, decree) < proto-germanic *skriban.

shroud < old english scrud (= garment, dress) < west germanic *skruthan < proto-germanic *skrud- (= cut).

shrub < old english scrybb (= brushwood, shrubbery).

shudder < middle english shudder < (?) middle dutch schuderen (= to shudder) / middle low german schoderen < proto-germanic *skuth- (= to shake).

shuffle < (?) 1. middle english shovelen (= to move with dragging feet) < shoven < old english scufan (= push away, thrust) or 2. low german schuffeln (= to walk clumsily).

shun < old english scunian (= avoid, desist, hide).

shut < old english scyttan (= bolt, shut to, discharge) < west germanic *skutjan.

shuttle < old english scytel (= dart, arrow) < proto-germanic *skutilaz.

shy < old english sceoh (= timid, easily startled) < proto-germanic *skeukh(w)az (= afraid).

sibilant < latin sibilans [gen. sibilantis], present participle of sibilo [inf. sibilare] (= to hiss, whistle) < (?) imitative origin.

sibling < old english sibling (= relative, kinsman) < sibb (= kinship, relationship, love) < proto-germanic *sibja- (= blood relation, relative).

sibyl < middle english sibyl < old french sibile < latin Sibylla < ancient greek Σίβυλλα | Sibhylla, a prophetess.

sic < latin sic (= so, thus, in this way).

Sicily < latin Sicilia < ancient greek Σικελία | Sikelia < Σικελοί | Sikeloe [plural] (= Sicilians), an ancient people.

sick < old english seoc (= ill, diseased, weak) < proto-germanic *seuka-.

sickle < old english sicol < vulgar latin *sicila < latin secula (= sickle).

side < old english side (= flanks, the long part) < proto-germanic *sīdō < *sithas (= long).

sidereal < siderial < sideral < french sidereal < latin sidereus (= starry, astral) < sidus [gen. sideris] (= star, constellation).

siege < middle english siege< old french sege (= seat, throne) < vulgar latin *sedicum (= seat) < latin sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

Siegfried < german Siegfried < high german sigu (= victory) (< proto-germanic *seges- (= victory)) + old high ferman *frithu (= peace).

sierra < spanish sierra (= saw, jagged mountain range) < latin serra (= a saw).

siesta < spanish siesta < latin sexta [hora] (= sixth [hour], noon) [the noon in Roman calendar, started six hours after sunrise] < sexta, female of sextus (= sixth) < sex (= six).

sieve < old english sife < proto-germanic *sib.

sift < old english siftan (= pass through a sieve) < proto-germanic *sib-.

sight < old english sihð / gesiht / gesihð (= thing seen, aspect, vision) < proto-germanic *sekh(w)-.

sigil < middle english sigil < late latin sigillum (= seal) < latin sigilla (= statuettes, little images, seal), neuter plural of sigillum, a diminutive of signum (= sign).

Sigismund < german Sigismund < old high german sigu (= victory) (< proto-germanic *seges- (= victory)) + munt (= hand, protection) (< proto-germanic *mundo (= hand)).

sign < middle english sign < old french signe (= sign, mark) < latin signum (= sign, token, symbol).

signal < middle english signal < old french signal / seignal (= seal, sign, mark) < medieval latin signale (= signal) < late latin signalis (= of a sign) < latin signum (= sign, token, symbol).

signature < middle french signature / medieval latin signatura (= signature, rescript) < latin signatus, past participle of signo [inf. signare] (= to mark, sign).

signify < middle english signify < old french signifier < latin significo [inf. significare] (= make signs, show by signs, point out, signify) < significus (= significant) < signum (= sign, token, symbol) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).

signor < italian signore < latin senior (= older), comparative of senex [gen. senis] (= old).

Silas < late latin Silas < ancient greek Σίλας | Silas < Σιλουανός | Silouanos < latin Silvanus (= living in the forest) < silva (= forest).

silence < middle english silence < old french silence (= absence of sound) < latin silentium (= a being silent) < silens [gen. silentis], present participle of sileo [inf. silere] (= be quiet).

silhouette < french silhouette < [Étienne de] Silhouette, minister of finance [it is said that he decorated the walls of his chateau with human figures].

silicon < modern latin silica (= silicon dioxide) < latin silex [gen. silicis] (= flint, pebble).

silk < middle english silk < old english seoloc / sioloc (= silk, silken cloth) < latin sericum (= silk) < sericum, neuter of Sericus < ancient greek Σηρικός | Sērikos (= silken, pertaining to the Seres) < Σήρες | Sēres, a people of Asia [from whom the Greeks got the silk].

sill < old english syll (= beam, threshold) < proto-germanic *suljo.

silly < old english gesælig (= happy, fortuitous) < proto-germanic *sæligas.

silo < spanish silo < latin sirus < ancient greek σίρος | siros (= a pit to keep corn in).

silver < old english seolfor / sylfur (= silver) < proto-germanic *silabur- {> old norse silfr, dutch zilver, gothic silubr, german silber}.

Simeon < ancient greek Συμεών | Symeōn < hebrew Shim’on (= hearing) < shama (= he heard).

similar < french similaire < latin similis (= resembling, like, of the same kind).

Simon < latin Simon < ancient greek Συμεών | Symeōn < hebrew Shim’on (= hearing) < shama (= he heard).

simony < middle english simony < old french simonie (= selling of church offices) < late latin simonia < Σίμων [ο μάγος] | Simōn [ o maghos] (= Simon [the Magus]) [a magician, berated by apostle Peter, when he tried to buy the power of the Holy Spirit].

simoom < arabic samum (= sultry wind) < samma (= he poisoned) < sam (= poison).

simple < middle english simple < old french simple < latin simplus (= simple).

simplex < latin simplex (= single, simple, plain).

simular < latin simulo [inf.simulare] (= make like, imitate, copy) < similis (= resembling, like, of the same kind).

simulation < middle english simulation < old french simulation < latin simulatio (= an imitating) < simulo [inf.simulare] (= make like, imitate, copy) < similis (= resembling, like, of the same kind).

sin < old english synn (= moral wrongdoing, injury, guilt, crime) < proto-germanic *sundio (= sin) {> old saxon sundia, dutch zonde, german Sünde}.

since < middle english synnes < sithenes (= since) < sithen < old english siððan < sið ðan (= after that) < sið (= after) + ðan (< ðam, dative of ðæt (= that)).

sincere < middle french sincere < latin sincerus (= whole, clean, pure, unmixed).

sine < latin sinus (= fold in a garment, bend, curve).

sing < old english singan < proto-germanic *sengwan {> old norse syngva, swedish sjunga, dutch zingen, german singen} < I.E. *sengwh- (= to sing).

Singapore < sanskrit Simhapuram < simhah (= lion) + puram (= city).

singe < old english sengan (= to burn lightly) < proto-germanic *sangjanan.

single < middle english single < old french sangle / sengle (= alone) < latin singulus (= one to one, individual, separate).

Sinic < medieval latin Sinicus < Sina (= China) < late latin Sinae [plural] (= the Chinese) < ancient greek Σίναι | Sinae [plural] (= the Chinese) < arabic Sin (= China) < (?) chinese Ch’in, a dynasty of China.

sinister < middle english sinister < old french senestre / sinistre (= contrary, unfavorable, to the left) < latin sinister [gen. sinistris] (= left, on the left side).

sink < old english sincan (= go under, subside) < proto-germanic *senkwan < I.E. *sengw- (= to sink).

sinus < middle english sinus < medieval latin sinus < latin sinus (= bend, fold, curve).

siphon < middle english siphon < latin sipho (= siphon) < ancient greek σίφων | siphōn (= pipe, tube).

sir < middle english sir [title of honor of a knight] < sire < old french sire (= lord, my lord) < vulgar latin *seior < latin senior (= older), comparative of senex [gen. senis] (= old).

sire < (see sir).

siren < middle english siren < old french sereine < latin Siren < ancient greek Σειρήν | Soerēn, sea nymph [by her singing she lured sailors to their deaths].

Sirius < middle english Sirius < latin Sirius < ancient greek Σείριος | Soerios.

sirocco < italian sirocco < vulgar arabic shoruq (= east wind) < arabic sharqi (= eastern) < sharq (= east) < sharaqa (= to rise).

sissy < sis, an abbreviation of sister (q.v.).

sister < middle english sister < old english sweostor / swuster < proto-germanic *swestr- (= sister) {> dutch zuster, gothic swistar, german Schwester} < I.E. *swesor (= sister) {> latin soror (> french soeur), ancient greek έορ | eor, old church slavonic sestra, russian sestra, old irish siur, welsh chwaer, avestan shanhar-, sanskrit svasar-).

sit < old english sittan < proto-germanic *setjan < I.E. *sed-₍₁₎ (= to sit).

sitar < hindi sitar < persian sitar (= three-stringed) < si (= three) + tar (= string).

site < middle english site < anglo-french site / old french site (= place, site, position) < latin situs (= place, position, location) < situs, past participle of sino [inf. sinere] (= let, leave alone, permit).

situation < middle english situacioun (= place, position, location) < old french situacion / medieval latin situatio (= position) < situo [inf. situare] (= to place, locate) < latin situs (= place, position, location).

six < old english si(e)x / sex < proto-germanic *seks {> old norse, swedish sex, dutch zes, german sechs} < I.E. *s(w)eks {> latin sex, ancient greek ‘εξ | ^hex, old church slavonic sesti, russian shesti, old irish se, welsh chwech, persian shash, avestan kshvash, sanskrit sas}.

size < middle english size < old french sise, a shortening of assise (= session, regulation) < asseoir (= to cause to sit) < latin assido [inf. assidere] < adsido [inf. adsidere] (= sit beside, assist) < ad (= to) + sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).

sizzle < (?) middle english sissen (= hiss, buzz) < imitative origin.

skate < skeates (= ice skates) < dutch schaats < middle dutch schaetse < (?) 1. old french escache (= stilt, trestle) < frankish *skakkja (= stilt) or 2. middle low german schenke / old english scanca (= leg) [if the original ice skates were leg bones of animals].

skeleton < modern latin sceleton < ancient greek σκελετόν [σώμα] | skeleton [sōma] (= dried-up [body], skeleton) < σκελετόν, neuter of σκελετός | skeletos (= dried-up) < σκέλλομαι | skellomae (= dry up, make dry).

skeptic < sceptic < middle french sceptique < latin scepticus (= the sect of the Skeptics philosophers) < ancient greek Σκεπτικοί | Skeptikoe (= the Skeptics), plural of σκεπτικός | skeptikos (= inquiring, reflective) < σκέπτομαι | skeptomae (= watch, examine, think).

skerry < old norse sker < proto-germanic *skarjam.

sketch < dutch schets / low german skizze < italian schizzo (= sketch, drawing) < latin schedius < ancient greek σχέδιος | skhedhios (= temporary) < σχεδόν | skhedhon (= nearly, almost) < stem σχε- | skhe- of έσχον | eskhon, past tense of έχω | ekhō (= have) < I.E. *segh- (= hold).

skew < middle english skew < old french eskiuer (= avoid) / old french eschiver (= avoid) < frankish *skiuhan (= avoid) < proto-germanic * skeukhwaz.

ski < norwegian ski (= stick of wood, firewood) < proto-germanic *skid- (= to divide) < I.E. *skei- (= to cut, split).

skill < middle english skill < old norse skil (= distinction, ability to make out) < proto-germanic *skaljo- (= divide, separate).

skin < middle english skin < old norse skinn (= animal hide, fur) < proto-germanic *skinth- < I.E. *sken- (= to peel off, flay) < *sek- (= to cut).

skip < middle english skip (= to spring lightly, jump over) < (?) scandinavian source < proto-germanic *skupan.

skipper < middle english skipper < middle dutch scipper < scip (= ship, boat) < proto-germanic *skipa- {> old english scip, old norse skip, swedish skepp, danish skib, dutch schip, gothic skip, old high german skif, german Schiff}.

skull < middle english skull < (?) old norse skalli (= bald head, skull).

sky < middle english sky (= cloud) < old norse sky (= cloud) < proto-germanic *skeujam (= cloud) < I.E. *(s)keu- (= to cover).

slack < old english slæc (= remiss, lax, languid, slow) < proto-germanic *slakas < I.E. *sleg- (= be slack).

slalom < norwegian slalam (= skiing race) < sla (= slope) + lam (= track),

slander < middle english slander < anglo-french esclaundre / old french esclandre (= scandalous statement) < escandle / escandre (= scandal) < latin scandalum (= cause of offense, temptation) < ancient greek σκάνδαλον | skandhalon (= a trap, offense, stumbling block).

slang < (?) slang (= a piece of delimited territory) / slanger (= linger, go slowly) < scandinavian origin.

slant < slenten (= slip sideways) < proto-germanic *slintanan.

slap < middle english slap < (?) imitative origin,

slash < (?) middle french esclachier (= to break) < esclater (= to break, splinter).

slate < middle english slate < old french esclate, female of esclat (= split piece, splinter).

slaughter < middle english slaughter < scandinavian *slahtr < proto-germanic *slukhtis.

Slav < middle english Sclave < medieval latin Sclavus (= Slav, slave) < medieval greek Σκλάβος | Sklabhos (= Slav, slave) < old church slavonic Sloveninu (= Slav).

slave < middle english slave < old french esclave < medieval latin Sclavus (= Slav, slave) {> spanish esclavo, french esclave, italian schiavo, greek σκλάβος | sklabhos} [because of the many Slavs sold into slavery] < medieval greek Σκλάβος | Sklabhos < old church slavonic Sloveninu (= Slav).

slay < old english slean (= to smite, strike, kill) < proto-germanic *slahanan (= to hit).

sled < middle english sled < middle dutch sledde (= sled) < proto-germanic *slid-.

sledge < old english slecg (= hammer, mallet) < proto-germanic *slagjo-.

sleep < old english slæpan (= be asleep, be dormant) < proto-germanic *slēpanan < I.E. *sleb- (= be weak, sleep).

sleeve < old english sl(i)efe < proto-germanic *slaubjon.

sleigh < american english / canadian english sleigh < dutch slee < a shortening of middle dutch sledde (= sled) < proto-germanic *slid-.

sleight < middle english sleight < sleahthe < old norse sloegð (= cleverness, cunning, slyness) < sloegr (= cunning, crafty, sly) < proto-germanic *slogis.

slender < middle english slender < sclendre < (?) old french esclendre (= thin, slender) < (?) old dutch slinder.

sleuth < middle english sleuth < old norse sloð (= trail).

slice < middle english slice (= fragment) < old french escliz (= splinter, fragment) < esclicier (= to splinter, smash) < frankish *slitan (= to split).

slick < old english -slician < proto-germanic *slikojan < *slikaz.

slide < old english slidan (= to glide, slip, fall) < proto-germanic *slidan (= to slip, slide) < I.E. *sleidh- (= to slide, slip).

slight < middle english slight (= flat, smooth) < proto-germanic *slikhtaz.

slime < old english slim < proto-germanic *slimaz < I.E. *(s)lei- (= slimy, slippery).

sling < middle english sling (= to knock down) < old norse slyngva < proto-germanic *slingwanan < I.E. *slengwh (= to slide, sling, throw).

slink < old english slincan (= to creep, crawl) < proto-germanic *slinkan.

slip < middle english slip (= edge of a garment, narrow strip) < (?) middle low german / middle dutch slippe (= cut, slit).

slip (= potter’s clay) < middle english slip (= mud, slime) < old english slypa / slyppe (= slime, paste, pulp).

slip (= slide) < middle english slip (= to escape) < proto-germanic *slipan.

slit < middle english slit < old english slitan (= to tear, split) < proto-germanic *slitan.

slither < middle english slither < slidder (= to slip, slide) < old english slidrian (= to slip) < slidan (= to slide).

sliver < middle english sliver < sliven (= to split, cleave) < old english slifan (= to split, cleave).

slob < irish slab (= mud, mire dirt) < (?) english slab (= muddy place) < scandinavian source.

slogan < slogorne (= battle cry) < gaelic sluagh-ghairm (= battle cry) < sluagh (= army, host) < celtic / balto-slavic *slough- (= help, service) + gairm (= a cry).

sloop < dutch sloep (= a sloop) < (?) 1. french chaloupe < old french chalupe (= sloop-rigged vessel) or 2. middle dutch slupen (= to glide).

slop < middle english slop (= loose outer garment) < (?) proto-germanic *slup- < I.E. *sleubh- (= to slide, slip).

slope < (?) middle english aslope (= on the incline) < old english *aslopen, past participle of aslupan (= to slip away) < a- (= away) + slupan (= to slip).

slot < middle english slot < middle dutch / middle low german slot < proto-germanic *slut- (= to close).

slouch < slouk < (?) old norse slokr (= lazy fellow).

slow < old english slaw (= inactive, torpid, lazy) < proto-germanic *slæwaz.

sly < middle english sly (= skillful, clever) < old norse sloegr (= cunning, crafty, sly) < proto-germanic *slogis.

smack < old english smæc (= taste, scent, odor) < proto-germanic *smakka- < *smakjanan (= to taste).

small < old english smæl (= thin, slender, narrow) < proto-germanic *smal- (= small animal) {> old norse smali, swedish smal, danish smal, dutch smal, german schmal} < (?) I.E. *(s)melo- (= smaller animal).

smart < old english smeortan (= be painful) < proto-germanic *smarta-.

smear < old english smerian / smierwan < proto-germanic *smerwjan (= to spread grease).

smelt < middle english smelt < dutch / low german smelten < proto-germanic *smelt-.

smile < middle english smile < (?) middle low german *smilen < proto-germanic *smil- < I.E. *smei- (= to laugh, smile).

smirch < middle english smirch (= to discolor, make dirty) < (?) old french esmorcher (= to torture) < es- (= out) (< latin ex (= out)) + morcher (= to bite) (< latin morsus, past participle of mordeo [inf. mordere] (= to bite).

smirk < old english smearcian (= to smile) < (?) proto-germanic *smer- < I.E. *smei- (= to smile).

smite < middle english smite (= to hit, strike, beat) < old english smitan < proto-germanic *smitan.

smith < old english smið (= blacksmith, armorer) < proto-germanic *smithaz (= skilled worker) {> danish smed, old high german smid, german Schmied} < I.E. *smi- (= to cut).

smock < old english smoc < proto-germanic *smukkaz.

smog < smoke (q.v.) + fog (< foggy (= full of thick mist) < (?) scandinavian sourse) [in reference to air pollution of London (1905)].

smoke < old english smoca < proto-germanic *smuk- {> dutch smook, german Schmauch} < I.E. *smeug- (= to smoke).

smooth < old english smoð (= smooth, calm) < smeðe (= polished, soft, suave).

smother < middle english smother (= suffocate with smoke) < smother < smorthre (= suffocating smoke) < old english smorian (= to suffocate, choke).

smudge < middle english smudge < smogen (= to soil, stain, blacken).

smug < (?) low german smuk (= trim, neat) < middle low german smücken (= to adorn) < proto-germanic *smuk- < I.E. *smeug- (= to smoke).

smuggler < low german smuggeln / dutch smokkelen < proto-germanic *smuganan < proto-germanic *(s)muk-.

smut < smutten (= debase, defile) < west germanic *smutt-.

snail < old english snægl < proto-germanic *snagila.

snake < old english snaca < proto-germanic *snakon {> old norse snakr, swedish snok, german Schnake} < I.E. *sneg- (= to creep, crawl).

snap < middle english snap (= sudden bite) < dutch / low german snappen (= to snap) < west germanic *snu-.

sneak < (?) middle english sniken (= to creep, crawl) < proto-germanic *sneikanan.

sneeze < middle english sneeze < old english fneosan (= to snort, sneeze) < proto-germanic *fneusanan.

snell < old english snel (= quick, active).

sniff < middle english sniff < imitative origin.

snip < (?) dutch / low german snippen (= to snip, shred) < imitative origin.

sniper < snipe (= shoot from a hidden place).

snob < (?) 1. latin sine nobilitate < sine (= without) + nobilitate, ablative of nobilitas (= nobility) (< nobilis (= well-known, high-born)) or 2. snob {(= shoemaker) > [slang] (= townsman, local merchant) > (= person of the lower classes) > (= person who imitates his superior) > (= one who despises his inferior)}.

snood < old english snod (= ribbon for the hair) < proto-germanic *snodo.

snoop < american english snoop (= to go around in a prying manner) < (?) dutch snoepen (= to pry, eat in secret, sneak).

snooze < (?) echoic origin.

snore < middle english snore < (?) imitative origin.

snorkel < german Schnorchel < german [slang] Schnorchel (= nose, snout).

snot < middle english snot < old english gesnot (= nasal mucus) < proto-germanic *snuttan.

snout < middle english snout < middle low german / middle dutch snute (= snout) < proto-germanic *snut-.

snow < old english snaw (= snow, a fall of snow, snowstorm) < proto-germanic *snaiwaz {> old norse snjor, dutch sneeuw, gothic snaiws, german Schnee} < I.E. *sniegwh- (= snow).

snub < middle english snub (= to check, reprove) < old norse snubba (= to curse, chide, reprove).

snuff < dutch / flemish snuffen (= to sniff, snuff) < proto-germanic *snuf- < imitative origin.

snuffle < dutch / flemish snuffelen (= to sniff about, pry) < proto-germanic *snuf- < imitative origin.

so < old english swa / swæ (= in this way, so as, therefore) < proto-germanic *swa < I.E. *swo- (= so) < *s(w)e-, pronoun of the third person.

so long < (?) 1. german so lange (= farewell, whilst [we are apart]) or 2. yiddish sholom < hebrew shalom (= pease).

soak < old english socian (= to lie in liquid) < proto-germanic *sukon.

soap < old english sape (= soap, salve) < proto-germanic *saipon (= dripping thing, resin) {> late latin sapo (> italian sapone, french savon, spanish jabon), ancient greek σάπων | sapōn} < I.E. *soi-bon- < *seib- (= to pour out, drip).

soar < middle english soar < old french essorer (= fly up) < vulgar latin *exauro [inf. exaurare] (= rise into the air) < latin ex (= out) + aura (= breeze, air).

sober < middle english sober (= moderate, temperate, calm) < old french sobre (= decent, sober) < latin sobrius (= not drunk, temperate, moderate) < se- (= without) + ebrius (= drunk).

sobriquet < french sobriquet (= nickname) < middle french soubriquet (= jest, quip).

soccer < socker < socca < Assoc. < an abbreviation of [Football] Association (as opposite to Rugby football).

society < old french societe (= company) < latin societas (= fellowship, association, alliance, community) < socius (= companion, ally).

sock < middle english sock < old english socc (= slipper, light shoe) < latin soccus (= slipper, light shoe) < (?) ancient greek σύκχος | sykchos, a kind of shoe.

socket < middle english socket < anglo-french soket (= spearhead, plowshare) < a diminutive of old french soc (= plowshare) < vulgar latin *soccus < (?) gaulish source < celtic *sukko- (= hog’s snout) < I.E. *su- (= pig).

sod < middle english sod < middle dutch sode (= turf) / middle low german sode (= sod).

soda < middle english soda < italian sida / medieval latin soda, a kind of saltwort < (?) 1. catalan sosa or 2. arabic suwwadh or 3. medieval latin sodanum (= a headache remedy) < arabic suda (= splitting headache).

sodality < middle french sodalité / latin sodalitas (= companionship, brotherhood, fellowship) < sodalis (= companion).

sodden < old english soden (= boiled), past participle of seoþan (= to cook, boil).

sodomy < middle english sodomy < old french sodomie < late latin [peccatum] Sodomiticum (= [the sin] of Sodom) < Sodomiticum, neuter of Sodomiticus (= of Sodom) < latin Sodoma < ancient greek Σόδομα | Sodhoma < hebrew Sedom / S’dom, a biblical town [known, with neighboring Gomorrah, for the unnatural sexual relations of their men].

sofa < turkish sofa < arabic suffah (= bench, couch).

soffit < italian soffita, female of soffitto (= ceiling) < soffito (= fixed beneath) < vulgar latin *suffictus (= fastened below) < latin suffixus, past participle of suffigo [inf. suffigere] (= fix on, fasten below) < sub (= under) + figo [inf. figere] (= to fasten, fix).

soft < old english softe < sefte (= gentle, easeful, comfortable) < west germanic *samfti < proto-germanic *samftijaz (= level, smooth, gentle).

soil (= land) < middle english soil < anglo-french soil (= piece of ground, place) < a merger of 1. old french sol (= bottom, ground) (< latin solum (= soil, ground) + 2. old french soil(le) (= a miry place) [see soil (= pollute)].

soil (= pollute) < middle english soil < old french soillier (= splatter with mud, make dirty) < souil (= tub, pigsty) < 1. latin solium (= tub for bathing, seat) or 2. latin suculus (= little pig) < sus (= pig).

soiree < french soirée < soir (= evening) < old french soir (= evening, night) < latin sero (= late) < serum, neuter of serus (= late).

sojourn < middle english sojourn < old french sojorner (= stay or dwell for a time) < vulgar latin *subdiurno [inf. subdiurnare] (= spend the day) < latin sub (= under, until) + diurno [inf. diurnare] (= to last long) (< diurnus (= of a day) < diurnum (= day)).

solace < middle english solace < old french solaz (= pleasure, entertainment) < latin solacium (= a soothing, comfort) < solatus, past participle of solor [inf. solari] (= to console, soothe).

solar < middle english solar < latin solaris (= of the sun) < sol (= sun) < *sawel- (= sun).

solarium < latin solarium (= sundial, flat housetop) < sol (= sun) < *sawel- (= sun).

solder < middle english soudur < old french soldure / soudeure < souder < solder (= consolidate) < latin solido [inf. solidare] (= make solid) < solidus (= firm, undivided, whole).

soldier < middle english soldier < souder < old french soldier / soudier (= a mercenary) < medieval latin soldarius (= a mercenary, soldier) < late latin soldus < [nummus] solidus (= solid [coin]), a gold coin < solidus (= firm, undivided, whole).

sole (= alone) < middle english sole < old french soul (= only, alone, just) < latin solus (= only, alone, single).

sole (= bottom of the foot) < middle english sole < old french sole < vulgar latin *sola < latin solea (= sandal, bottom of a shoe) < solum (= bottom, ground).

solecism < middle french solécisme < latin soloecismus (= mistake in speaking or writing) < ancient greek σολοικισμός | soloekismos (= a speaking incorrectly) < σόλοικος | soloekos (= a person speaking incorrectly) < σολοικίζω | soloekizō (= speak like the people of Soloi) < Σόλοι | Soloe (= Soloi), a Greek colony in Asia Minor [whose people was speaking incorrectly].

solemn < middle english solemn < old french solempne < latin sollemnis (= annual, religiously fixed, ceremonial) < (?) related to sollus (= whole).

solfege < solfeggio < italian solfeggio < sol-fa, the musical notes.

solicit < middle english solicit < middle french soliciter < latin sollicito [inf. sollicitare] (= to disturb, trouble, provoke) < sollicitus (= agitated) < sollus (= whole, entire).

solid < middle english solid < old french solide (= firm, compact) < latin solidus (= firm, undivided, whole).

solidarity < french solidarité < solidaire (= interdependent, complete) < solide (= firm, compact) < latin solidus (= firm, undivided, whole).

solidus < middle english solidus < late latin [nummus] solidus (= solid [coin]), a gold coin < latin solidus (= firm, undivided, whole).

soliloquy < late latin soliloquium (= a talking to oneself) < latin solus (= alone) + loquor [inf. loqui] (= to speak).

solipsism < latin solus (= alone) + ipse (= self).

solitaire < middle english solitaire (= widow) < french solitaire < latin solitarius (= alone, lonely) < solus (= only, alone, single).

solitude < middle english solitude < old french solitude (= loneliness) < latin solitudo (= loneliness) < solus (= only, alone, single).

solo < italian solo (= alone) < latin solus (= only, alone, single).

Solomon < ancient greek Σολομών | Solomōn < hebrew Sh'lomoh < shelomo (= peaceful) < shalom (= peace).

soluble < middle english soluble < old french soluble < late latin solubilis (= that may be dissolved) < solvo [inf. solvere] (= to loosen, dissolve).

solution < middle english solution < old french solucion / latin solutio (= a loosening) < solvo [inf. solvere] (= to loosen, dissolve).

solve < middle english solve < latin solvo [inf. solvere] (= to loosen, dissolve).

somatic < french somatique < ancient greek σωματικός | sōmatikos (= of the body) < σώμα | sōma [gen. σώματος | sōmatos] (= the body).

somber < sombrous < french sombre (= dark, gloomy) < old french sombre < late latin subumbro [inf. subumbrare] (= to shadow) < sub (= under) + umbra (= shadow).

sombrero < spanish sombrero < sombra(= shade) < late latin subumbro [inf. subumbrare] (= to shadow) < sub (= under) + umbra (= shadow).

some < old english sum (= some, certain one, something) < proto-germanic *sumaz < I.E. *smm-o- < *sem-₍₁₎ (= one, as one, together with).

sommelier < french sommelier (= a butler) < somme (= pack) < vulgar latin *salma < sagma (= pack-saddle, a pack on the saddle) < ancient greek σάγμα | saghma (= pack-sandle) < σάττω | sattō (= fill up, supply).

somnambulism < french somnambulisme < modern latin somnambulus (= sleepwalker) < latin somnus (= sleep) + ambulo [inf. ambulare] (= to walk).

somniferous < latin somnifer (= giving sleep) < somnus (= sleep) + fero [inf. ferre] (= to bear, carry).

somnolent < middle english sompnolent < old french sompnolent / latin somnolentus (= sleepy) < somnus (= sleep) < I.E. *swep- (= to sleep).

son < old english sunu (= son, descendant) < proto-germanic *sunus {> old norse sonr, swedish son, danish søn, dutch zoon, gothic sunus, german Sohn} < I.E. *su(e)-nu- (= son) {> ancient greek ‘υιός | ^hyios, armenian ustr, lithuanian sūnus, old church slavonic synu, russian syn, polish syn, avestan hunush, sanskrit sunus} < *seue-₍₁₎ (= give birth).

sonant < latin sonans [gen. sonantis], present participle of sono [inf. sonare] (= to sound) < I.E. *swene- < *swen- (= to sound).

sonar < [1946] sound navigation ranging [on model of radar].

sonata < italian sonata < sonata, female past participle of sonare (= to sound) < latin sono [inf. sonare] (= to sound) < I.E. *swene- < *swen- (= to sound).

song < old english sang (= voice, song) < proto-germanic *songwho- {> old norse söngr, norwegian song, swedish sång, danish sang, dutch zang, german sang} < I.E. *songwh-o- (= singing, song) < *sengwh- (= to sing).

sonic < latin sonus (= sound) < I.E. *swen- (= to sound).

sonnet < middle french sonnet / italian sonetto (= little song) < old provençal sonet (= song), a diminutive of son (= song, sound) < latin sonus (= sound) < I.E. *swen- (= to sound).

sonorous < latin sonorus (= resounding) < sonor (= sound, noise) < sono [inf. sonare] (= to sound) < I.E. *swene- < *swen- (= to sound).

soon < old english sona (= at once, immediately, directly) < proto-germanic *sæno.

soot < old english sot (= soot) < proto-germanic *sotam (= soot).

sooth < old english soð (= truth, justice) < soð (= true, real righteous) < proto-germanic *santhaz.

Sophie < french Sophie < ancient greek σοφία | sophia (= skill, knowledge, wisdom) < σοφός | sophos (= learned, clever, wise).

sophist < middle english sophist < sophister < latin sophista / sophistes < ancient greek σοφιστής | sophistēs (= a wise man) < σοφίζομαι | sophizomae (= become wise) < σοφός | sophos (= learned, clever, wise).

sophomore < sophumer < sophume (= sophism) [(?) by influence of folk etymology from ancient greek σοφός | sophos (= wise) + μωρός | mōros (= foolish)].

sopor < latin sopor (= deep sleep, lethargy).

soprano < italian soprano (= the treble in music) < sopra (= above) < latin supra, female of super (= above, over).

sorb < french sorbe < latin sorbum (= service-berry) < sorbus.

sorcery < middle english sorcery < old french sorcerie < sorcier (= sorcerer, wizard) < medieval latin sortiarius (= teller of fortunes, sorcerer) < latin sors [gen. sortis] (= lot, fate, fortune).

sordid < middle english sordid < latin sordidus (= dirty, filthy) < sordeo [inf. sordere] (= be dirty).

sore < old english sar (= painful, aching, sad) < proto-germanic *saira- (= suffering, sick).

sorority < medieval latin sororitas (= sisterhood, of sisters) < latin soror (= sister).

sorrel < middle english sorrel < old french sorel < sor (= yellowish-brown) < (?) frankish *saur (= dry) < proto-germanic *sauza-.

sorrow < old english sorg (= grief, regret, pain) < proto-germanic *sorg-.

sorry < old english sarig (= distressed, grieved, full of sorrow) < proto-germanic *sairiga- (= painful) < *sairaz (= pain).

sort < middle english sort < old french sorte (= class, kind) < latin sors [gen. sortis] (= lot, fate, share, class, category).

sortie < french sortie < sortie, female past participle of sortir (= go out) < vulgar latin *surctio [inf. surctire] (= go out) < latin surrectus, past participle of surgo [inf. surgere] (= rise up) < sub (= under) + rego (= keep straight, guide).

S.O.S. < [1910] 1. an acronym of save our soul / save our ship or 2. not an acronym, but three Morse code letters, (… --- …), chosen as being easy to transmit and difficult to mistake.

soubrette < french soubrette < provençal soubreto (= affected) female of soubret (= reserved) < soubra (= to set aside) < old provençal sobrar < latin supero [inf. superare] (= to rise above, overcome) < super (= over, above).

souffle < french soufflé, past participle of souffler (= to puff up) < latin sufflo [inf. sufflare] < sub (= under) + fleo [inf. flare] (= to blow).

sough < old english swogan (= to sound, roar, howl) < proto-germanic *swoganan.

soul < old english sawol (= animate existence, living being) < 1. proto-germanic *saiwalo {> old norse sala, dutch ziel, gothic saiwala, german Seele} or 2. < proto-germanic *saiwaz (= sea) [as the stopping place of the soul].

sound (= noise) < middle english soun < old french son (= sound, voice) < latin sonus (= sound, noise) < I.E. *swon-o- < *swen- (= to sound).

sound (= narrow channel of water) < middle english sound < old norse sund (= swimming) / old english sund (= swimming) < proto-germanic *sundam-.

sound (= free from injury) < middle english sound < old english gesund (= sound, safe) < proto-germanic *sunda- < germanic *swen-to- (= healthy, strong).

soup < french soupe < late latin suppa (= bread soaked in broth) < proto-germanic *sup-.

sour < old english sur < proto-germanic *sura- (= sour).

source < middle english source < old french sourse (= a rising, beginning), female past participle of sourdre (= to rise, spring up) < latin surgo [inf. surgere] (= rise up) < sub (= under) + rego (= keep straight, guide).

souse < middle english souse < old french sous (= preserved in salt and vinegar) < frankish *sultja < proto-germanic *salt- < I.E. *sal- (= salt).

soutane < french soutane < old french sotane (= undershirt) < medieval latin subtana (= under-cassock) < latin subtus (= beneath, under).

souter < old english sutere < latin sutor (= shoemaker) < suo [inf. suere] (= to sew, stitch).

south < old english suð (= to the south, southern) < proto-germanic *sunthaz {> middle dutch suut, dutch zuid, german Süden}, related to *sunnon (= sun).

souvenir < french souvenir < old french souvenir (= remember) < latin subvenio [inf. subvenire] (= come to mind) < sub (= under) + venio [inf. venire] (= come).

souvlaki < modern greek σουβλάκι | soubhlaki (= skewered meat) < medieval greek σούβλα | soubhla (= awl, skewer) < latin subula (= awl, skewer) < suo [inf. suere] (= to sew, stitch).

sovereign < middle english sovereign < old french soverain (= highest, supreme, chief) < vulgar latin *superanus (= chief, principal) < latin super (= over).

soviet < russian sovet (= governing council) [1917] < old russian suvetu (= assembly) < su (= with) + vetu (= counsel).

sow < old english su(gu) (= female of swine) < proto-germanic *su- < I.E. *su- (= swine).

sow < old english sawan (= disseminate) < proto-germanic *sean.

soy < saio < dutch soya < japanese soyu < shoyu (= soy) < chinese shi-yu < shi (= fermented soy beans) + yu (= oil).

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