rabbi
<
middle
english
rabbi
< late
latin
rabbi
< ancient
greek ‘ραββί
| hrabbi
< hebrew
rabbi
(= my master) <
rabh
(= master) + [suffix] -i.
rabbit
< middle
english
rabbit <
walloon
robète,
a diminutive of flemish
/ middle
dutch
robbe (=
rabbit).
raccoon
< racoon
< arocoun
< algonquian
arahkun
< arahkunem
(= he scratches with the hands).
race
(= act of runing) < old
english
race
< old
norse ras
(= running, rush) < proto-germanic
*res-.
race
(= people from common ancestor) <
middle
french
race
< razza
(= race, lineage, family) < (?) italian
razza (=
race).
Rachel
< late
latin Rachel
< ancient
greek ‘Ραχήλ
| hRakhēl
< hebrew
Rahel
(= ewe).
rack
< middle
english
rack
< (?) middle
dutch rec
(= framework) <
proto-germanic
*rak-.
racket
<
middle
french
rachette
/ requette
(= racket
for hitting, palm of the hand) < (?) vulgar
arabic rahet
< arabic
raha(t)
(= palm of the hand).
radar
< an
acronym of radio
detecting
and
ranging
[1941].
radiation
< middle
english
radiation
< middle
french
radiation
< latin
radiatio
(= a
shining, radiation) < radio
[inf. radiare]
(= to beam, shine) <
radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
radio
<
[1907] a shortening of radiophone
[1881] / radio-telegraphy
[1898] / radio-receiver
[1903] <
latin
radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
radius
< latin
radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
RAF
< an acronym of Royal
Air
Force
[1918].
raffle
< middle
english
raffle
< old
french
rafle
(= dice game, plundering) < (?) proto-germanic
*khrap-
(= to pluck out, snatch off).
rag
< middle
english
rag
< (?) old
norse rögg
(= shaggy tuft) / old
danish rag
<
proto-germanic
*rawwa-.
rage
< middle
english
rage
< old
french
ra(i)ge
(= spirit, passion, fury) <
medieval
latin
rabia
< latin
rabies
(= rage, fury, madness).
raid
< middle
english
raid <
rade
(= a riding, journey) <
old
english
rad
(= a riding, expedition, journey).
rail
< middle
english
rail
< old
french
reille
(= bolt, bar) <
vulgar
latin
*regla
< latin
regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood).
rain
< old
english
regn
(= rain) <
proto-germanic
*regna-
{> old
norse
regn, dutch regen,
german
regen}.
raise
< middle
english
raise <
proto-germanic
*raizjan
< *ris-
(= to rise).
rake
< old
english
raca
< ræce
< proto-germanic
*rak-
(= gather).
rally
<
french
rallier
< old
french
ralier
(= reassemble) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= again)) + alier
(= unite) (<
old french
alier
(= combine) <
aliier
< latin
alligo
[inf. alligare]
< adligo
[inf. adligare]
(= bind to) <
ad
(= to) + ligo
[inf. ligare]
(= to bind, tie)).
Ralph
< a shortening of Radulf
< old
norse
Raðulfr
< rað
(= counsel) + ulfr
(= wolf).
ram
< old
english
ramm
< rom
(= male sheep) < west
germanic
source.
RAM
< [1957]
an acronym of Random
Access
Memory.
Ramadan
< arabic
Ramadan
(= the hot
month) < ramida
(= be burnt).
ramp
< middle
english
ramp <
old french
ramper
(= to climb, mount) < (?) frankish
*rampon
<
proto-germanic
*hrimp-
(= to contract oneself).
ranch
< american
spanish
rancho
(= small farm) <
spanish
rancho
(= mess-room) <
ranchear
(= to lodge) <
old french
ranger
(= install in position) <
rang
/ reng
(= row, line) <
frankish
*hring
<
proto-germanic
*hringaz
(= circle, ring).
Randal
< a shortening of old
english
Randwulf
< rand
(= shield) + wulf
(= wolf).
Randolph
< old
norse
Rannulfr
(= shield-wolf) / frankish
*Rannulf
(= raven-wolf) (< wulf
(= wolf)).
random
< [at]
random
(= [at]
great speed, carelessly, haphazardly) < middle
english
randon
(= impetuosity, speed) <
old french
randon
(= rush, force) <
randir (=
run fast) <
frankish
*rant
(= a running) <
proto-germanic
*randa.
range
< middle
english
rengen
(= move
over a large area) <
old french
ranger
< rengier
(= arrange, get into line) <
rang /
reng
(= row, line) <
frankish
*hring
<
proto-germanic
*hringaz
(= circle, ring).
rank
< middle
english rank
< old
french
ranc
/ renc
(= row, line) <
frankish *hring
<
proto-germanic
*hringaz
(= circle, ring).
ransom
< middle
english ransom
<
old french
ranson
< raenson (=
ransom, redemption) <
latin
redemptio
(= a
redeeming) <
redimo
[inf. redimere]
(= redeem, buy back) < re(d)-
(= back, again) + emo
[inf. emere]
(= buy).
rant
< dutch
randten
(= talk
foolishly, rave).
rap
(= talk informally, chat) < middle
english rap
(= quick
blow) < (?) scandinavian
source < imitative
origin.
rape
< middle
english rape
< anglo-french
raper
(= seize, abduct) < latin
rapio
[inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
Raphael
< late
latin Raphael
< ancient
greek ‘Ραφαήλ
| hRaphaēl
< hebrew
Repha’el
(= God has
healed) <
rapha
(= he healed) + El
(= God).
rapid
< french
rapide
< latin
rapidus
(= hasty, fierce, impetuous) <
rapio
[inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
rapture
<
middle
french
rapture
< medieval
latin
raptura
(= seizure, rape, kidnapping) <
latin
raptus,
past participle of rapio
[inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
rare
(= unusual) <
middle
english
rare
< old
french
rere
(= sparse) <
latin
rarus
(= not thick, full of empty spaces).
rare
(= undercooked) < middle
english
rere
< old
english
hrere
(= lightly cooked) <
proto-germanic
*hrorjan.
rascal
<
middle
english
rascaile
(= tricky, dishonest person, of the lowest class)
< old
french rascaille
(= rabble, mob) < (?) a diminutive of old
french
rascler
< vulgar
latin
*rasico
[inf. rasicare]
(= to scrape).
rase
< middle
english
rase
< old
french
raser
(= scrape, shave) <
medieval
latin raso
[inf. rasare]
(= to scrape) < latin
rado
[inf. radere]
(= to
scrape, shave).
rash
(= eruption
of small red spots on skin) < (?) french
rache
(= a sore) <
vulgar
latin *
rasico [inf. rasicare]
(= to scrape) <
latin
rasus,
past participle of rado
[inf. radere]
(= to
scrape, shave).
rash
(= quick) < middle
english rash
(= quick, vigorous) < proto-germanic
*raskuz.
rasp
< middle
english
rasp
(= to
scrape) <
middle
dutch
raspen
< old
french
rasper
(= to
grate, rasp) < (?) west
germanic
source.
raster
< german
Raster
(= screen, frame) <
latin
rastrum
(= rake) <
rasum,
neuter past participle of rado
[inf. radere]
(= to
scrape, shave).
rat
< old
english
ræt
(= rat) < (?) 1. germanic
origin or
2. vulgar
latin
*rattus
or 3. latin rodo
[inf. rodere]
(= eat).
rate
(= estimated
value) < middle
english rate
< old
french
rate
(= price, value) < medieval
latin rata
[pars] (=
fixed [part]) <
latin rata
(= fixed), female past participle of reor
[inf. reri]
(= reckon, think).
rate
(= to
scold) < middle
english rate
< (?) old
french
reter
(= accuse) <
latin
reputo
[inf. reputare]
(= count over, blame) <
re-
(= again) + puto
[inf. putare]
(= judge, suppose).
rather
< old
english
hraþor
(= more quickly, sooner), comparative of hraþe
/ hræþe
(= quickly, promptly, readily) <
proto-germanic
*khratha-
< I.E.
*kret-
(= to shake).
ratify
< middle
english ratify
< old
french
ratifier
<
medieval
latin
ratifico
[inf. ratificare]
(= confirm, approve) <
latin
ratus
(= fixed), past participle of reor
[inf. reri]
(= reckon, think) + facio
[inf. facere]
(= make, do).
ratio
< latin
ratio
(= reckoning, calculation, reason, judgment)
< reor
[inf. reri]
(= reckon, think).
ration
< french ration
< latin
ratio
(= reckoning,
calculation, reason, judgment) <
rat reor
[inf. reri]
(= reckon, think).
raucous
< latin
raucus
(= hoarse).
ravage
< french
ravager
(= devastate) <
old french
ravage
(= destruction) <
ravir
(= seize, take away hastily) <
latin
rapio
[inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
rave
< middle
english rave
(= show madness) <
old french
raver
< resver
(= dream, wander, be crazy).
raven
< old
english
hræfn
/ hrefn
(= raven) <
proto-germanic
*khrabanaz.
ravish
< middle
english ravish
<
old french
ravir
(= seize, take away hastily) <
latin
rapio
[inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
raw
< old
english
hreaw
(= uncooked, raw) <
proto-germanic
*khrawaz
< I.E.
*kreue-
(= raw flesh).
ray
< middle
english ray
< old
french
rais
(= ray,
gush, spurt) <
latin
radius (=
beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
Raymond
< old
french
Raimund
< frankish
*Raginmund
< ragin
(= counsel) + mund
(= hand, protection) (<
proto-germanic
*mundo
< I.E.
*man-(2)
(= hand)).
rayon
<
french
rayon
(= beam of light, ray) [so
called for its shining texture] <
old french
rais
(= ray,
gush, spurt) <
latin
radius (=
beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
raze
< racen
(= pull down, knock down) <
rasen
(= to
scratch, slash, erase) <
old french
raser
(= to scrape, shave) <
medieval
latin raso
[inf. rasare]
(= to scrape) <
latin rado
[inf. radere]
(= to
scrape, shave).
RCA
< [1922]
an acronym of Radio
Corporation
of America.
reach
< old
english
ræcan
/ reccan
(= to reach out, stretch out, to extend)
< proto-west
germanic
*raikejanan
(= stretch out the hand) <
proto-germanic
*raikijanau.
read
< old
english
rædan
/ redan
(= to
advise, persuade, discuss, explain, read) <
proto-germanic
*redan
{> old
norse
raða, dutch
raden, german
raten} <
I.E. *re-
(= to reason, count).
ready
< old
english
ræde
/ geræde
(= prepared, ready) <
proto-germanic
*(ga)raitha-
(= arranged).
real
(= actual) < middle
english real
< old
french
reel
(= real, actual) <
late latin
realis
(= actual) <
latin res
(= property, goods, matter, thing).
real
(= spanish coin) <
spanish
real,
a silver coin < real
(= regal)
< latin
regalis
(= regal, royal) <
rex
[gen. regis]
(= king)
realm
< middle
english realm
< old
french
reaume
< (?) roiaume
(= kingdom) [by influence of latin
regalis (= regal)] < gallo-roman
*regimin
< latin
regimen
[gen. regiminis]
(= rule, government) <
rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, to direct, guide).
ream
<
middle
english
reme
(= make room, open up) <
old
english
ryman
(= extend, enlarge) <
proto-germanic
*rumijan
<
*rumaz
(= spacious).
rear
(= hindmost
part) < rerewarde
(= rear guard) <
anglo-french rerewarde
/ old
french
rieregarde
< old
french
riere
(= behind) (< latin
retro
(= back, behind) + old
french garde
(= guardian).
rear
(= raise) < old
english
ræran
(= raise, build up, create) <
proto-germanic
*raizijanau
(= to raise), causative of *risanan
(= to rise).
reason
< middle
english
reason <
anglo-french
resoun
/ old
french
raison
(= course, matter, thought) <
latin
ratio
(= understanding, motive, cause) <
ratus,
past participle of reor
[inf. reri]
(= reckon, think)
reave
< old
english
reafian
(= to rob, plunder) <
proto-germanic
*raubojanan
< I.E.
*runp-
(= to break).
rebate
< middle
english
rebate <
old french
rabattre
(= beat down, drive back) <
re-
(= again) (<
latin re-
(= again)) + abattre
(= beat down).
Rebecca
< late
latin
Rebecca
< ancient
greek ‘Ρεβέκκα
| hRebhekka
< hebrew
Ribhqeh
(= connection)
<
semitic
r-b-q
(= to tie, join).
rebel
< middle
english
rebel <
old french
rebelle
(= obstinate, rebellious) < latin
rebellis
(= insurgent, rebellious) < rebello
[inf. rebellare]
(= to rebel, revolt) <
re-
(= again, against) + bello
[inf. bellare]
(= wage war) (<
bellum
(= war)).
rebus
< latin
rebus
(= by means of objects), ablative plural of res
(= thing, object).
recede
< middle
english
recede <
middle
french
receder
< latin
recedo
[inf. recedere]
(= go back, fall back) <
re-
(= back, again) + cedo
[inf. cedere]
(= go).
receive
< middle
english
receive <
old french
receivre
(= seize,
pick up, accept) <
latin
recipio
[inf. recipere]
(= regain, take back, recover) <
re-
(= back, again) + capio
[inf. capere]
(= take, hold).
recent
< middle
english
recent <
latin
recens
[gen. recentis]
(= new, fresh, young) <
re-
(= again) + I.E.
*ken-
(= new, fresh, young).
recess
< latin
recessus
(= a going back, retreat) <
recessus,
past participle of recedo
[inf. recedere]
(= go back, fall back) <
re-
(= back, again) + cedo
[inf. cedere]
(= go).
recipe
< middle
french
récipé
< latin
recipe
(= take!), imperative of recipio
[inf. recipere]
(= regain, take back, recover) [usual
word of physicians at the start of prescriptions] <
re-
(= back, again) + capio
[inf. capere]
(= take, hold).
recital
< recite
(q.v.) + [suffix] -al.
recite
< middle
english
recite <
old french
reciter
< latin
recito
[inf. recitare]
(= read aloud, repeat from memory) <
re-
(= back, again) + cito
[inf. citare]
(= to summon).
reck
< old
english
reccan
(= take
care of, be interested in) <
west
germanic
*rokjan
< proto-germanic
*rokja-.
reckon
< middle
english
recenen
< old
english
gerecenian
(= explain, recount) <
proto-germanic
*(ga)rakinaz
(= ready).
reclaim
< middle
english
reclaim <
old french
reclamer
(= call upon, invoke, seduce) < latin
reclamo
[inf. reclamare]
(= cry out against, protest) <
re-
(=back, against) + clamo
[inf. clamare]
(= cry out).
recline
< middle
english
recliner <
old french
recliner
(= rest, bend, lean over) < latin
reclino
[inf. reclinare]
(= bend back, lean back) <
re-
(= back, against) + clino
[inf. clinare]
(= to bend).
recognize
< middle
english
recognize
< old
french
reconoistre
(= know again, recognize) <
latin
recognosco
[inf. recognoscere]
(= recall to mind) <
re-
(= back, again) + cognosco
[inf. cognoscere]
(=get to know).
recoil
< middle
english
recoil
< old
french
reculer
(= go back, give way, retreat) <
vulgar
latin *reculo
[inf. reculare]
< latin
re-
(= back, again) + culus
(= backside, bottom).
recommend
< middle
english
recommend
<
medieval
latin
recommendo
[inf. recommendare]
(= recommend) <
latin re-
(= back, again) + commendo
[inf. commendare]
(= commend).
recompense
< middle
english
recompense
(= to
redress) <
middle
french
recompenser
< medieval
latin
recompenso
[inf. recompensare]
(= to reward) <
latin re-
(= again) + compenso
[inf. compensare]
(= balance out) (<
com
(= together) + penso
[inf. pensare]
(= to balance, weigh) < pendo
[inf. pendere]
(= to hang, weigh, pay)).
reconcile
< middle
english
reconcilen
(= to
restore) <
old french
reconcilier
< latin
reconsilio
[inf. reconcilare]
(= to regain, conciliate) <
re-
(= again) + concilio
[inf. conciliare]
(= make friendly) (< consilium
(= a meeting)).
recondite
< old
french
recondit
< latin
reconditus,
past participle of recondo
[inf. recondere]
(= store away, hide, put back again) <
re-
(= again) + condo
[inf. condere]
(= set up, build) (< com
(= together) + do
[inf. dare]
(= give)).
record
< middle
english
record
< old
french
recorder
(= tell, repeat, report) < latin
recordor
[inf. recordari]
(= remember, call to mind) <
re-
(= again, restore) + cor
[gen. cordis]
(= heart,
mind).
recoup
< french
recouper
(= cut back) <
old french
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + couper
(= to cut) (<
coup,
colp
(= a blow, strike) <
medieval
latin
colpus
< vulgar
latin
*colapus
< latin
colaphus
(= a cuff on the head) <
ancient greek
κόλαφος | kolaphos
(= a blow, punch, slap)).
recourse
< middle
english
recourse <
old french
recours
< latin
recursus
(= a return) <
recurro
[inf. recurrere]
(= run back, return) <
re-
(= back, again) + curro
[inf. currere]
(= to run).
recover
< middle
english
recover
<
anglo-french
rekeverer
/ old
french
recovrer
(= come back, return) <
medieval
latin
recupero
[inf. recuperare]
(= get back, regain) <
re-
(= back, again) + cupero
[inf. cuperare]
(= to run).
recreant
< middle
english
recreant
< old
french
recreant
(= defeated, vanquished) < recroire
(= to yield, surrender, believe again) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + croire
(= believe) (<
latin
credo
[inf. credere]
(= believe)).
recreation
< middle
english
recreation
< old
french
recreacion
< latin
recreatio
(= recovery
from illness) < recreo
[inf. recreare]
(= refresh, revive) <
re-
(= back, again) + creo
[inf. creare]
(= create).
recrement
<
french
récrément
< latin
recrementum
< re-
(= back, again) + cerno
[inf. cernere]
(= to sift, separate).
recruit
<
recrew
/ recrue
< french
recrute
< recreue
(= a supply, a levy of troops) < recrue
(= a levy, a recruit) <
old french
recreu,
past participle of recreistre
(= grow again) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + creistre
(= to grow) (<
latin
cresco
[inf. crescere]
(= to grow)).
rectangle
< middle
french
rectangle
< late
latin
rectangulum
< latin
rectus
(= right, straight) + angulus
(= angle).
rectify
< middle
english
rectify <
old french
rectifier
(= make straight) <
late latin
rectifico
[inf. rectificare]
(= make right) <
latin
rectus
(= right, straight) + facio
[inf. facere]
(= make, do).
rector
< middle
english
rector <
latin
rector
(= ruler, governor, guide) <
rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, guide).
rectum
< middle
english
rectum <
latin
[intestinum]
rectum
(= straight [intestine]) <
rectum,
neuter past participle of rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, guide, keep straight).
recumbent
< latin
recumbens
[gen. recumbentis],
present participle of recumbo
[inf. recumbere]
(= recline, lie down, fall) <
re-
(= back, again) + -cumbo
[inf. -cumbere]
(= to lie down).
recur
< middle
english
recur
< latin
recurro
[inf. recurrere]
(= run back, return) <
re-
(= back, again) + curro
[inf. currere]
(= to run).
recuse
< middle
english
recuse <
old french
recuser
< latin
recuso
[inf. recusare]
(= decline, refuse, reject) <
re-
(= back, again) + causa
(= cause, reason, lawsuit).
red
< old
english
read
(= red) <
proto-germanic
*rauthan
{> old
norse
rauðr, danish
rød, dutch
rood, german
rot} <
I.E.
*reudh-
(= red, ruddy).
redact
< middle
english redact
< latin
redactus,
past participle of redigo
[inf. redigere]
(= drive back, force back) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + ago
[inf. agere]
(= drive, lead, act).
redd
< middle
english redd
< old
english
hreddan
(= to save, free, recover) <
proto-germanic *hradjan.
redeem
< middle
english redeem
< old
french
redimer
(= buy back) <
latin
redimo
[inf. redimere]
(= redeem, buy back) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + emo
[inf. emere]
(= take, buy).
redo
< re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + do
(<
middle
english do
< old
english
don
(= make, perform) <
west
germanic
*doanan).
redolent
< middle
english redolent
< old
french
redolent
(= emitting a scent) < latin
redolens [gen.
redolentis],
present participle of redoleo
[inf. redolere]
(= diffuse odor) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + oleo
[inf. olere]
(= give off a smell).
reduce
< middle
english reduce
< old
french
reducer
< latin
reduco
[inf. reducere]
(= bring back, restore) <re-
(= back, again) + duco
[inf. ducere]
(= lead, bring).
reebok
< dutch
roebuck
(= south african antelope) <
roe
(= small deer) (<
proto-germanic
*raikhaz)
+ buck
(= male deer) (< proto-germanic
*buccon).
reed
< old
english
hreod
(= reed, rush) <
proto-germanic
*kreut-
(= reed).
reef
(= rock ridge underwater) < riffe
< (?) dutch
riffe
< scandinavian
source.
reef
(= horizontal section of sail) < middle
english reef
<
scandinavian
source.
reek
< old
english
re(o)can
(= emit
smoke) <
proto-germanic
*reukan.
reel
< old
english
hreol
(= reel for winding thread) <
proto-germanic
*hrehulaz.
refer
< middle
english refer
<
old french
referer
< latin
refero
[inf. referre]
(= relate, refer) <
re-
(= back, again) + fero
[inf. ferre]
(= carry, bear).
reflection
< middle
english
reflexion
< late
latin
reflexio
(= reflection) < latin
reflecto
[inf. reflectere]
(= bend back) <re-
(= back, again) + flecto
[inf. flectere]
(= to bend).
refract
< latin
refractus,
past participle of refringo
[inf. refringere]
(= break up) <
re-
(= back, again) + frango
[inf. frangere]
(= to break).
refrain
< middle
english refrain
<
old french
refraigner
(= restrain, repress) <
latin
refreno
[inf. refrenare]
(= to bridle, control) <
re-
(= back, again) + freno
[inf. frenare]
(= restrain, bridle) (<
frenum
(= bridle)).
refrigeration
< middle
english refrigeration
< latin
refrigeratio
(= a
cooling) < refrigero
[inf. refrigerare]
(= to cool down) <
re-
(= back, again) + frigero
[inf. frigerare]
(= make cool) (<frigus
[gen. frigoris]
(= cold)).
refuge
<
middle
english refuge
<
old french
refuge
(= hiding place) <
latin
refugium
(= a taking refuge) <
re-
(= back, again) + fugo
[inf. fugere]
(= to flee).
refund
<
middle
english refund
< old
french
refunder
(= restore) < latin
refundo
[inf. refundere]
(= give back, restore) <
re-
(= back, again) + fundo
[inf. fundere]
(= to pour).
refuse
< middle
english refuse
<
old french
refus
(= rubbish, refusal, rejection) < refuser
(= reject, avoid) <
vulgar
latin
*refuso
[inf. refusare]
< latin
refundo
[inf. refundere]
(= give back, restore) <
re-
(= back, again) + fundo
[inf. fundere]
(= to pour).
refute
< middle
french
réfuter
< latin
refuto
[inf. refutare]
(= drive back, rebut, disprove) <
re-
(= back, again) + *futo
[inf. futare]
(= to beat).
regain
< middle
french
regaigner
< re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + gaginer
(<
old french
gaaignier
(= to earn, capture, win) <
frankish
*waidanjan
(= hunt) <
proto-germanic
*waithanjan
(= hunt) <
*waithjo-
(= hunting)).
regal
< middle
english regal
<
old french
regal
(= royal) / latin
regalis
(= royal, kingly) <
rex
[gen. regis]
(= king).
regale
<
french
régaler
(= to entertain) <
old french
regale
/ rigale
< gale
(= merriment) < galer
(= make merry, rejoice) < (?) frankish
*wala-
(= good, well) <
proto-germanic
*wal-.
regard
< middle
english regard
(= judgment) <
old french
regard
< regarder
(= take notice of, heed) <
[prefix] re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + garder (=
heed, protect, preserve) (<
frankish
*wardon
< proto-germanic
*wardon
(= to guard)).
regatta
< italian
[venetian]
regatta
(= contention
for mastery) <
rigattare
(= compete, haggle, sell at retail) < (?) riga
(= row, rank) <
germanic
source.
regent
< middle
english regent
(= a
ruler) <
regent
(= governing) <
medieval
latin
regens
[gen. regentis]
(= ruler) <
latin
regens,
present participle of rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, direct).
reggae
< jamaican
english reggae
[1968] < (?) related to rege-rege
(= ragged clothes, quarrel, protest) < raga-raga
< middle
english
rag
< (?) old
norse rögg
(= shaggy tuft) / old
danish rag
<
proto-germanic
*rawwa-.
regiment
< middle
english regiment
< old
french
regiment
(= government) <
late latin
regimentum
(= rule, direction) <
latin rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, direct).
Reginald
< old
high german
Reginald
(= ruling
with power).
region
< middle
english region
(= tract
of land of a considerable but indefinite extent)
< anglo-french
regioun
/ old
french
region
(= land, region, province) <
latin
regio
(= district, territory, direction) < rego
[inf. regere]
(= to rule, direct).
register
< middle
english register
< old
french
registre
< medieval
latin
registrum
< late
latin
regesta
(= list) < latin
regesta,
neuter plural past participle of regero
[inf. regerere]
(= bring back, record) < re-
(= back, again) + gero
[inf. gerere]
(= carry, bear).
regress
< middle
english regress
< latin
regressus
(= a return, retreat) < regredior
[inf. regredi]
(= go back) <
re-
(= back, again) + gradior
[inf. gradi]
(= to step, walk).
regret
<
middle
english regret
< old
french
regreter
(= long after, bewail) <
[prefix] re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + -greter
(< (?)
proto-germanic
*gretan
(= weep)).
regular
< middle
english regular
<
old french
reguler
< late
latin
regularis
(= containing rules) <
latin
regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood).
Reich
< german Reich
(= kingdom,
state) <
old high
german
rihhi
(= realm) <
proto-germanic
*rikja
(= rule) <
I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line).
reign
<
middle
english reign
<
old french
regner
(= rule, reign) <
latin
regno
[inf. regnare]
(= reign, be king) <
regnum
(= kingship, dominion).
reject
< middle
english reject
<
old french
rejecter
< latin
rejectus,
past participle of rejecto
[inf. rejectare]
(= throw away, cast away) < rejicio
[inf. rejicere]
(= throw back) <
re-
(= back, again) + jaceo
[inf. jacere]
(= to throw).
relate
< middle
french
relater
(= refer, report) < latin
relatus,
past participle of refero
[inf. referre]
(= bring back) <
re-
(= back, again) + latus,
past participle of fero
[inf. ferre]
(= bring, carry).
relax
< middle
english relax
< old
french
relaschier
(= set free, soften) <
latin
relaxo
[inf. relaxare]
(= relax, loosen) <
re-
(= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare]
(= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
relay
< middle
english relay
<
middle
french
relai
< old
french
relaier
(= leave behind) <
re-
(< latin re- (=
back, again)) + laier
(= leave, let) (< (?) old
french
laissier
(= leave) <
latin laxo
[inf. laxare]
(= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
release
< middle
english release
< old
french
relaissier
/ relesser
(= to quit, abandon) < relacher
(= release, relax) <
latin
relaxo
[inf. relaxare]
(= relax, loosen) <
re-
(= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare]
(= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
relic
< middle
english relic
< old
french
relique
< late
latin
reliquiæ [plural]
(= remains
of a martyr) < latin
reliquiæ,
female plural of reliquus
(= remaining), related to relinquo
[inf. relinquere]
(= leave
behind) <
re-
(= back, again) + linquo
[inf. linquere]
(= to leave).
relict
<
middle
english relict
(= a
widow) <
old french
relicte,
female of relict
(= left behind) < medieval
latin
relicta
(= a widow) < relicta,
female of relictus
(= abandoned) < latin
relinquo
[inf. relinquere]
(= leave
behind) <
re-
(= back, again) + linquo
[inf. linquere]
(= to leave).
relieve
< middle
english relieve
< old
french
relever
(= to raise) < latin
relevo
[inf. relevare]
(= to raise, lift up) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + levo
[inf. levare]
(= lift up, lighten) (<
levis
(= light, not heavy)).
religion
< middle
english religion
<
anglo-french
religiun
/ old
french
religion
(= piety, religious community) < late
latin religio
(= monastic
life) < latin
religio
(= respect
for the gods, divine service, religion) < 1. relego
[inf. relegere]
(= go through again) <
re-
(= back, again) + lego
[inf. legere]
(= read) or 2. religo
[inf. religare]
(= to bind up) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + ligo
[inf. ligare]
(= to bind) or 3. religiens
(= careful) [as opposite of negligens].
relish
< middle
english reles
(= scent, taste) <
old french
relais
/ reles
(= left behind) <
relaisser
(= to leave behind) <
latin
relaxo
[inf. relaxare]
(= relax, loosen) <
re-
(= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare]
(= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
reluctance
< reluct
(= to struggle against) <
latin
reluctor
[inf. reluctari]
(= to struggle against) <
re-
(= back, against) + luctor
[inf. luctari]
(= to struggle, wrestle).
rely
< middle
english rely
< old
french
relier
(= assemble, fasten. put together) <
latin
religo
[inf. religare]
(= to bind up) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + ligo
[inf. ligare]
(= to bind).
remain
< middle
english remain
<
old french
remanoir
(= stay, remain) <
latin
remaneo
[inf. remanere]
(= to remain, to stay behind) <
re-
(= back, again) + maneo
[inf. manere]
(= to stay, remain).
remand
< middle
english remand
<
middle
french
remander
(= send for again) / late
latin
remando
[inf. remandare]
(= repeat a command) <
latin re-
(= back, again) + mando
[inf. mandare]
(= to order).
remedy
< middle
english remedy
<
anglo-french
remedie
/ old
french
remede
(= cure, remedy) < latin
remedium
(= cure, remedy, medicine) < re-
(= back,
again) + medeor
[inf. mederi]
(= to heal).
remember
< middle
english remembren
< old
french
remembrer
(= bring to mind) <
latin
rememoror
[inf. rememorari]
(= recall to mind) <
re-
(= back, again) + memoror
[inf. memorari]
(= be mindful of) (<
memor
(= mindful)).
reminiscence
< middle
french
reminiscence
< late
latin
reminiscentia
(= remembrance) <
latin
reminiscens [gen.
reminiscentis],
present participle of reminiscor
[inf. reminisci]
(= remember) <
re-
(= back, again) + miniscor
[inf. minisci]
(= to remember) (<
mens
(= mind)).
remise
< middle
english remise
< old
french
remise,
past participle of remettre
(= send back) <
latin
remitto
[inf. remittere]
(= send back) <
re-
(= back, again) + mitto
[inf. mittere]
(= to send).
remit
< middle
english remit
< latin
remitto
[inf. remittere]
(= send back) <
re-
(= back, again) + mitto
[inf. mittere]
(= to send).
remorse
<
middle
english remorse
< old
french
remors
<
medieval
latin
remorsum
(= a biting back) < remorsum,
neuter past participle of latin
remordeo
[inf. remordere]
(= to vex, torment disturb) <
re-
(= back, again) + mordeo
[inf. mordere]
(= to bite).
remote
< middle
english remote
<
middle
french
remot
< latin
remotus
(= remote, distant in place) < remotus,
past participle of removeo
[inf. removere]
(= move back, take away) <
re-
(= back, again) + moveo
[inf. movere]
(= to move).
remunerate
< latin
remuneratus,
past participle of remuneror
[inf. remunerari]
(= repay,
reward) <
re-
(= back, again) + muneror
[inf. munerari]
(= give) (<
munus
[gen. muneris]
(= gift,
duty)).
Renaissance
<
french renaissance
[des letters]
(= rebirth [of letters]) <
old french
renaissance
(= rebirth)
<
renastre
(= be reborn) <
vulgar
latin
*renasco
[inf. renascere]
< latin
renascor
[inf. renasci]
(= be born again) <
re-
(= back, again) + nascor
[inf. nasci]
(= be born).
renal
< french
rénal
< late
latin
renalis
(= of kidneys) <
latin ren
[gen. renis,
plural renes]
(= kidney).
rend
< old
english
(h)rendan
(= to tear, cut down) <
proto-west
germanic
*rendan.
render
< middle
english render
< old
french
rendre
(= give back, present) <
vulgar
latin
*rendo
[inf. rendere]
< latin
reddo
[inf. reddere]
(= give back, restore) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + do
[inf. dare]
(= give).
rendezvous
< middle
french
rendez-vous
(= present yourselves) <
rendez,
plural imperative of rendre
(= give back, present) (<
vulgar
latin
*rendo
[inf. rendere]
< latin
reddo
[inf. reddere]
(= give back, restore) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + do
[inf. dare]
(= give)) + vous
(= you) [plural] (<
latin vos
(= you) [plural]).
renegade
< (?)
spanish
renegado
(= apostate, Christian turned Muslim) <
medieval
latin renegatus
<
renegatus,
past participle of renego
[inf. renegare]
(= deny) <
latin
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + nego
[inf. negare]
(= refuse).
renege
< medieval
latin
renego
[inf. renegare]
(= deny) <
latin
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + nego
[inf. negare]
(= refuse).
rent
< middle
english rent
< old
french
rente
(= profit, income) <
vulgar
latin
*rendita,
female past participle of * rendo
[inf. rendere]
< latin
reddo
[inf. reddere]
(= give back, restore) <
re(d)-
(= back, again) + do
[inf. dare]
(= give).
repair
< middle
english repair
<
old french
reparer
(= repair, mend) <
latin
reparo
[inf. reparare]
(= restore) <
re-
(= back, again) + paro
[inf. parare]
(= prepare).
repast
< middle
english repast
<
old french
repast
(= meal, food) <
late latin
repastus
(= meal) <
latin re-
(= nack, again) + pasco
[inf. pascere]
(= to graze).
repeat
< middle
english repeat
< old
french
repeter
(= do again, get back) <
latin
repeto
[inf. repetere]
(= do again, attack again) <
re-
(= back, again) + peto
[inf. petere]
(= go to, attack).
repel
< middle
english repel
< old
french
repeller
< latin
repello
[inf. repellere]
(= drive back) <
re-
(= back, again) + pello
[inf. pellere]
(= to drive, strike).
repent
< middle
english repent
< old
french
repentir
<
[prefix] re-
(< latin
re-
(= back, again)) + vulgar
latin
*penitio
[inf. penitire]
(= to regret) (<
latin
poenitio
[inf. poenitire]
(= make sorry) <
poena
(= punishment) <
ancient greek
ποινή
| poenē
(= penalty)).
repertory
< late
latin
repertorium
(= inventory, list) <
latin
repertus,
past participle of reperio
[inf. reperire]
(= find, invent) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + old latin pario
[inf. parire]
(= produce, bring forth).
replica
< italian
replica
(= copy, repetition) <
replicare
(= duplicate) <
latin
replico
[inf. replicare]
(= fold back, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare]
(= to fold).
replication
< middle
english replication
<
anglo-french replicacioun
/ old
french
replicacion
(= reply) <
latin
replicatio
(= a
reply, repetition) <
replico
[inf. replicare]
(= fold back, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare]
(= to fold).
reply
< middle
english reply
< old
french
replier
(= to reply) <
latin
replico
[inf. replicare]
(= fold back, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare]
(= to fold).
repo
< american
english repo,
a shortening of 1. middle
english repossess
(= reoccupy) < re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + possess
(= occupy) or 2. repossession <
re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + middle
english possession
(= occupation) (< old french
possession
< latin
possessio
< possideo
[inf. possidere]
(= have and hold) < (?) potis
(= powerful) + sedeo
[inf. sedere]
(= to
sit)).
report
< middle
english report
< old
french
reporter
(= tell, relate) <
latin
reporto
[inf. reportare]
(= bring back, report) < re-
(= back, again) + porto
[inf. portare]
(= to carry).
repose
< middle
english repose
< middle
french
reposer
< old
french
repauser
< late
latin
repauso
[inf. repausare]
(= cause to rest) <
latin
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + late
latin
pauso
[inf. pausare]
(= to pause) (<
pausa
(= a stop) <
ancient greek
παύσις
| pafsis
(= a stopping) <
παύω
| pavō (=
to stop)).
reprehend
< middle
english reprehend
<
latin
reprehendo
[inf. reprehendere]
(= hold back, restrain) <
re-
(= back, again) + prehendo
[inf. prehendere]
(= seize) (< prae-
(= before) + -hendo
[inf. -hendere]
(= take)).
reptile
< middle
english reptile
<
old french
reptile
< late
latin
reptile,
neuter of reptilis
(= creping,
crawling) <
reptus,
past participle of repo
[inf. repere]
(= to crawl, creep).
republic
< middle
french
république
< latin
respublica
(= commonwealth, state, republic) < res
publica
(= public interest) <
res
(= affair, matter, thing) + publica,
female of publicus
(= public) (< old
latin
poplicus
(= of the people) <
populus (=
people)).
repute
< middle
english repute
<
middle
french
reputer
< latin
reputo
[inf. reputare]
(= count over, think over) <
re-
(= bsck, again) + puto
[inf. putare]
(= to judge, suppose, believe).
request
< middle
english request
<
old french
requeste
<
vulgar
latin
*requaesita
< latin
requisita,
female of requisitus
(= requested) <
requiro
[inf. requirere]
(= seek to know, ask) <
re-
(= back,
again) + quaero
[inf. quaerere]
(= ask, seek).
requiem
<
middle
english requiem
< latin
requiem,
accusative of requies
(= rest, repose) [the
first word of the Mass for the Dead in the latin liturgy: Requiem
æternam... (= Rest eternal...)] <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + quies
(= quiet).
require
< middle
english require
< old
french
requerre
(= seek, ask, demand) <
vulgar
latin *requaro
[inf. requaerere]
< latin
requiro
[inf. requirere]
(= seek to know, ask) <
re-
(= back,
again) + quaero
[inf. quaerere]
(= ask, seek).
rescue
< middle
english rescue
<
old french
rescorre
(= protect, free) <
[prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back,
again)) + escourre
(= discharge) <
latin
excuto
[inf. excutere]
(= shake off, drive away) <
ex
(= out) + quato
[inf. quatere]
(= to shake).
resemble
< middle
english resemble
<
old french
resembler
(= be like) <
[prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back,
again)) + sembler
(= to seem, be like) (<
latin
simulo
[inf. simulare]
(= make like, imitate) <
similis
(= similar)).
resent
<
french
ressentir
(= feel pain) <
old french
resentir
(= feel again) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back,
again)) + sentir
(= feel) (<
latin
sentio
[inf. sentire]
(= feel)).
reserve
< middle
english reserve
<
old french
reserver
(= set aside) < latin
reservo
[inf. reservare]
(= keep back, save up) <
re-
(= back, again) + servo
[inf. servare]
(= keep, save, protect).
reservoir
< french
réservoir
(= storehouse) <
old french
reserver
(= set aside) < latin
reservo
[inf. reservare]
(= keep back, save up) <
re-
(= back, again) + servo
[inf. servare]
(= keep, save, protect).
reside
< middle
english reside
<
middle
french
resider
< latin
resideo
[inf. residere]
(= sit down, settle) <
re-
(= back, again) + sedeo
[inf. sedere]
(= to sit).
resign
< middle
english resign
< old
french
resigner
(= renounce) <
latin resigno
[inf. resignare]
(= check off, cancel) <
re-
(= back, against) + signo
[inf. signare]
(= to mark) (<
latin
signum
(= sign)).
resin
< middle
english resin
<
old french
resine
(= gum, resin) < latin
resina
(= resin) <
ancient greek
‘ρητίνη
| rhētinē
(= resin of pine).
resist
< middle
english resist
<
old french
resister
(= hold out against) <
latin
resisto
[inf. resistere]
(= stand back, oppose) <
re-
(= back, against) + sisto
[inf. sistere]
(= take a stand).
resolve
< middle
english resolve
< old
french
resolver
< latin
resolvo
[inf. resolvere]
(= loosen, undo, explain) <
re-
(= back,
again) + solvo
[inf. solvere]
(= loosen, untie).
resonance
< middle
english resonance
< middle
french
resonance
< latin
resonantia
(= echo) <
resono
[inf. resonare]
(= to sound again) < re-
(= back, again) + sono
[inf. sonare]
(= to sound).
resort
< middle
english resort
< old
french
resort
(= resource, aid, remedy) < resortir
(= to resort) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + sortir
(= go out) (< vulgar latin *surctio
[inf. surctire] < latin surrectus,
past participle of surgo
[inf. surgere]
(= rise up)).
resource
< french
resourse
(= source, spring) < resourse,
female past participle of old
french
resourdre
(= raise again) <
latin
resurgo
[inf. resurgere]
(= rise again) < re-
(= back, again) + surgo
[inf. surgere]
(= rise up)).
respect
< middle
french
respecter
(= look back, respect) <
latin
respecto
[inf. respectere]
(= regard) < respicio
[inf. respicere]
(= look back, regard) <
re-
(= back, again) + specio
[inf. specere]
(= look at).
respond
<
middle
english respounden
< old
french
respondere
(= respond, correspond) < latin
respondeo
[inf. respondere]
(= respond, answer) <
re-
(= back, again) + spondeo
[inf. spondere]
(= to pledge).
rest
< middle
english rest
< old
french
rester
(= to remain) <
latin
resto
[inf. restare]
(= stand back) <
re-
(= back, again) + sto
[inf. stare]
(= to stand).
restaurant
< french
restaurant
< restaurant,
present participle of restaurer
(= to restore, refresh) <
old french
restorer <
latin
restauro
[inf. restaurare]
(= repair, renew) < re-
(= back, again) + -stauro
[inf. -staurare]
(= set up, restore).
restitution
< middle
english restitution
<
old french
restitucion
/ latin
restitutio
(= a
restoring) < restituo
[inf. restituere]
(= set up again, restore, rebuild) <
re-
(= back, again) + statuo
[inf. statuere]
(= set up).
restore
< middle
english restore
< old
french
restorer
< latin
restauro
[inf. restaurare]
(= repair, renew) < re-
(= back, again) + -stauro
[inf. -staurare]
(= set up).
restriction
< middle
english restriction
<
middle
french
restriction
< late
latin
restrictio
(= limitation)
< latin
restringo
[inf. restringere]
(= restrict, restrain) <
re-
(= back, again) + stringo
[inf. stringere]
(= draw tight).
result
< middle
english result
<
medieval
latin
resulto
[inf. resultare]
(= to result) < latin
resulto
[inf. resultare]
(= to rebound) < resilio
[inf. resilire]
(= to rebound) <
re-
(= back, again) + salio
[inf. salere]
(= to bound, jump).
resume
< middle
english resume
<
middle
french
resumer
< latin
resumo
[inf. resumere]
(= take again, assume again) <
re-
(= back, again) + sumo
[inf. sumere]
(= take, obtain, buy) (<
sub
(= under) + emo
[inf. emere]
(= take, buy)).
resurrection
< middle
english resurrection
<
anglo-french
resurrectiun
/ old
french
resurrection
< latin
resurrectio
(= a
rising again from the dead) < resurgo
[inf. resurgere]
(= rise again) < re-
(= back, again) + surgo
[inf. surgere]
(= rise up)).
retail
< middle
english retail
< old
french
retaillier
(= cut back, cut off, clip) <
re- (< latin re-
(= back, again)) + taillier
(= to cut, trim) (< late latin talio
[inf. taliare]
(= to split) < latin
talea
(= rod, staff)).
retain
< middle
english retain
< old
french
retenir
(= hold back, keep, retain) <
latin
retineo
[inf. retinere]
(= hold back, restrain) <
re-
(= back, again) + teneo
[inf. tenere]
(= hold).
retardation
< middle
english retardation
< latin
retardatio (=
a delaying) < retardo
[inf. retardare]
(= make slow, delay) <
re-
(= back, again) + tardo
[inf. tardare]
(= to slow).
reticulate
< latin
reticulatus
(= having a net-like pattern) <
reticulum
(= little net), a diminutive of rete
(= net).
retina
< middle
english retina
<
medieval
latin
retina
< (?) vulgar
latin
[tunica]
*retina
(= net-like
[tunic]), [because retina of the eye looks like a network of blood
vessels] < latin
rete
(= net).
retire
< middle
french
retirer
(= to withdraw) <
re-
(< latin
re-
(= back, again)) + old
french
tirer
(= draw out, endure).
retort
< old
french
retort
< latin
retortus,
past participle of retorquo
[inf. retorquere]
(= turn back, twist back) <
re-
(= back, again) + torquo
[inf. torquere]
(= to twist).
retraction
< middle
english retraction
< latin
retractio
(= a
drawing back, refusal) < retracto
[inf. retractare]
(= revoke, cancel) <
re-
(= back, again) + tracto
[inf. tractere]
(= draw violently) (< traho
[inf. trahere]
(= to draw)).
retreat
< middle
english retreat
< old
french retret
< retrere
(= draw back) <
latin
retraho
[inf. retrahere]
(= draw back, withdraw) <
re-
(= back, again) + traho
[inf. trahere]
(= to draw).
retrieve
< middle
english retreve
<
middle
french
retreuver
(= find
again, recover) <
re-
(<
latin re-
(= back, again)) + trouver
(= to find) (< (?) vulgar
latin *tropo
[inf. tropare]
(= to compose) <
ancient greek
τρόπος
| tropos
(= a turn, way, manner) < τρέπω
| trepō
(= to turn)).
retro
< french
rétro
[1973] a shortening of retrograde
(q.v.).
retrograde
< middle
english retrograde
<
latin
retrogradus
(= going back) <
retrogradior
[inf. retrogradi]
(= move backward) <
retro-
(= backward) + gradior
[inf. gradi]
(= go, step) (< gradus
(= a step)).
return
< middle
english return
< old
french
retorner
(= turn back, return) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + torner
(= to turn) (< latin torno
[inf. tornare]
(= round off, turn on a lathe) <
tornus
(= lathe) < ancient greek τόρνος
| tornos
(= lathe)).
Reuters
< german [Paul
Julius von] Reuter
[founder of a telegraph office and pigeon post bureau in Aachen
(1849)].
revanchist
<
french
revanchiste
<
revanche
(= revenge, requital) <
middle
french revenche
< revenchier
(= take revenge) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + vengier
(= take revenge) (<
latin
vindico
[inf. vindicare]
(= avenge, punish)).
reveal
< middle
english reveal
<
old french
reveler
(= reveal) <
latin
revelo
[inf. revelare]
(= reveal) <
re-
(= back, against) + velo
[inf. velare]
(= to cover) (<
velum
(= a veil)).
reveille
< french
réveillez-[vous]
(= awaken [you]!), imperative plural of réveiller
(= awaken, wake up) <
middle
french re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + eveiller
(= wake up) (<
vulgar
latin
*exviligo
[inf. exvigilare]
(= be awake)
< latin
ex-
(= out) + vigilo
[inf. vigilare]
(= be awake, keep watch) < vigil
(= sleepless)).
revel
< middle
english revel
< old
french
reveler
/ rebeller
(= make merry, rebel) <
latin
rebello
[inf. rebellare]
(= to rebel, revolt) <
re-
(= back, against) + bello
[inf. bellare]
(= wage war) (<
bellum
(= war)).
revenge
< middle
english revenge
<
old french
revengier
< revenchier
(= take revenge) <
[prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + vengier
(= take revenge) (<
latin
vindico
[inf. vindicare]
(= avenge, punish)).
revenue
< middle
english revenue
<
middle
french
revenue
< revenir
(= come back) <
latin
revenio
[inf. revenire]
(= come back, return) <
re-
(= back, again) + venio
[inf. venire]
(= come).
reverb
< a
shortening of middle
english reverberation
< old
french
reverberacion
(= great flash of light) <
medieval
latin reverberatio
< reverbero
[inf. reverberare]
(= beat back, cause to rebound) <
re-
(= back, again) + verbero
[inf. verberare]
(= to strike, to beat) (<
verber
(= whip, lash)).
revere
< french
révérer
< latin
revereor
[inf. revereri]
(= revere, fear) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + vereor
[inf. vereri]
(= fear, respect).
reverend
< middle
english reverend
<
middle
french
reverend
< latin
reverendus
(= that to be respected), gerundive of revereor
[inf. revereri]
(= revere, fear) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + vereor
[inf. vereri]
(= fear, respect).
reverse
< middle
english reverse
< old
french
reverser
(= turn around, reverse) <
late latin
reverso
[inf. reversare]
(= turn back) < latin
reverto
[inf. revertere]
(= turn back, return) <
re-
(= back, again) + verto
[inf. vertere]
(= to turn).
revert
< middle
english revert
< old
french
revertir
(= change back, return) <
vulgar
latin
*revertio
[inf. revertire]
(= revert) < latin reverto
[inf. revertere]
(= turn back, return) <
re-
(= back, again) + verto
[inf. vertere]
(= to turn).
revise
< middle
french
reviser
< latin
reviso
[inf. revisere]
(= look at again) < revideo
[inf. revidere]
(= look at) <
re-
(= back, again) + video
[inf. videre]
(= see).
revive
< middle
english revive
<
middle
french
revivre
< latin
revivo
[inf. revivere]
(= live again) <
re-
(= back, again) + vivo
[inf. vivere]
(= to live).
revoke
< middle
english revoke
< old
french
revoquer
< latin
revoco
[inf. revocare]
(= call back) <
re-
(= back, again) + voco
[inf. vocare]
(= to call).
revolt
< middle
french
revolter
<
italian
rivoltare
(= overturn) <
vulgar
latin
*revolvito
[inf. revolvitare]
(= overthrow) < latin
revolvo
[inf. revolvere]
(= roll back, return, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + volvo
[inf. volvere]
(= to roll).
revolution
< middle
english revolution
<
old french
revolucion
/ late
latin
revolutio
(= a
revolving) < latin
revolvo
[inf. revolvere]
(= roll back, return, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + volvo
[inf. volvere]
(= to roll).
revolve
< middle
english revolve
(= to
change direction, bend around, turn (the eyes) back)
< old
french
revolver
< latin
revolvo
[inf. revolvere]
(= roll back, return, repeat) <
re-
(= back, again) + volvo
[inf. volvere]
(= to roll).
revue
< french
revue
< middle
french
revue
(= survey)
< revoir
(= see again) < latin
revideo
[inf. revidere]
(= look again) <
re-
(= back, again) + video
[inf. videre]
(= see).
revulsion
< middle
french
revulsion
/ latin
revulsio
(= a
tearing off) < revello
[inf. revellere]
(= pull away) <
re-
(= back, against) + vello
[inf. vellere]
(= to tear, pull).
reward
< middle
english reward
< old
french
rewarder
(= to regard, reward) <
[prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + warder
(= look, watch) (
< proto-germanic
*wardon
(= to guard)).
Reykjavik
< old
norse
Reykjavik
(= bay of
smoke) [so
called from the many hot springs being there] <
reykja
(= to smoke) + vik
(= bay).
Reynard
< middle
english Reynald
<
old french
Renart
/ Reynard
[name of a fox] <
old high
german
Reginhart
(= counsel-brave).
Reynold
< old
french
Reinald
< old
high german
Reginald
(= counsel-strong).
rhapsody
< middle
french
rhapsodie
< latin
rhapsodia
< ancient
greek ‘ραψωδία
| hrapsōdhia
(= recitation of epic poetry) <
‘ραψωδός
| hrapsōdhos
(= reciter of epic poems) < ‘ράπτω
| hraptō
(= to sew, weave) + ωιδή
| ōidhē
(= song, ode).
rhesus
<
modern
latin
rhesus
< latin
Rhesus
<
ancient greek
‘Ρήσος
| hRēsos,
a king of Thrace.
rhetoric
< middle
english rhetoric
<
old french
rethorique
< latin
rhetorice
< ancient
greek ‘ρητορική
[τέχνη] | hrētorikē
[tekhnē]
(= rhetoric [art]) <
‘ρητορική,
female of ‘ρητορικός
(= rhetoric) <
‘ρήτωρ
| hrētōr
(= orator).
rheumatic
< middle
english rheumatic
<
old french
reumatique
< latin
rheumaticus
<
ancient greek ‘ρευματικός
| hrevmatikos
(= of a current) <
‘ρεύμα
| hrevma
(= a current, discharge from the body) < ‘ρέω
| hreō
(= to flow).
Rhine
<
german
Rhein
< middle
high
german Rin
< gaulish
Renos
(= that
which flows) <
I.E. *rei-
(= to run, flow).
rhinoceros
< middle
english rhinoceros
<
latin
rhinoceros
< ancient
greek ‘ρινόκερως
| hrinokerōs
< ‘ρις
| hris
[gen. ‘ρινός | hrinos]
(= nose) + κέρας
| keras (=
horn).
Rhodes
<
ancient greek
‘Ρόδος
| hRodhos
< (?) 'ρόδον
| hrodhon
(= rose).
rhomb(us)
< late
latin
rhombus
< ancient
greek ‘ρόμβος
| hrombhos
(= rhomb, lozenge) <
I.E.
*werbh-
(= to turn, twist).
rhonchus
< ancient greek
‘ρέγχος
| hreghkhos
(= a
snoring, snorting) <
‘ρέγχω
| hreghkhō
(= to snore, snort) < imitative
origin.
rhubarb
< middle
english rhubarb
<
old french
rubarbe
< medieval
latin
rheubarbarum
< ancient
greek ‘ρα
βάρβαρον | hra
bharbharon (= foreign rhubarb)
< ‘ρα
| hra
(= rhubarb) + βάρβαρον
| bharbharon,
neuter of βάρβαρος
| bharbharos
(= foreign).
rhyme
<
middle
english
ryme
/ ryme
< old
french
rime
< *ritme
< latin
rithmus
< ancient
greek ‘ρυθμός
| hrythmos
(= rhythm, arrangement) < I.E.
*sreu-
(= to flow).
rhythm
< latin
rhythmus
<
ancient greek
‘ρυθμός
| hrythmos
(= rhythm, arrangement) < I.E.
*sreu-
(= to flow).
rib
< old
english
ribb
(= rib) <
proto-germanic
*rebjan
< I.E.
*rebh-
(= to roof, cover).
ribald
< middle
english
ribald <
ribaud
< old
french ribalt
/ ribaut
(= rogue, scoundrel, lewd lover) < (?) riber
(= be wanton, sleep around) <
germanic
source.
ribbon
< middle
english
ribane
< old
french
riban
(= ribbon) < ruban
< (?) germanic
source.
rice
< middle
english
rice <
italian
riso
< latin
oriza
< ancient greek
όρυζα |
oryza (=
rice) < indo-iranian source
[cf. pashto
vrize]
< sanskrit vrihi-s
(= rice).
rich
< old
english
rice
(= strong, great, wealthy) <
proto-germanic
*rikijaz
{> old
norse
rikr, swedish
rik, danish
rig, dutch
rijk, gothic
reiks, german
reich} < celtic
source <
I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line, lead, rule).
Richard
< middle
english
Rycharde
< old
french
Richard
< old
high german
Ricohard
<
proto-germanic
*rik-
(= ruler) + *harthu
(= hard).
Richter
scale < [Charles Francis]
Richter,
American seismologist.
rick
< old
english
hreac
(= stack of hay or straw) <
proto-germanic
*khraukaz.
rickshaw
< a
shortening of japanese
jinrikisha
< jin
(= a man) + riki
(= power) + sha
(= carriage).
ricochet
< french
ricochet
(= the
skipping of a shot, the skipping of a stone on water).
rid
< middle
english rid
(= clear,
set free, save) <
scandinavian
source <
proto-germanic
*reudijan.
riddle
(= a word game) < middle
english riddle
< old
english
rædels (=
riddle, counsel, imagination, discussion) < germanic
origin.
riddle
(= coarse
sieve) < middle
english riddle
< old
english
hriddel
< hridder
< proto-germanic
*hrida-.
ride
< old
english
ridan
(= be carried on, move forward, float, sail) <
proto-germanic
*ridan
< I.E.
*reidh-
(= to ride).
ridge
< old
english
hrycg
(= back of a man) < (?) old
norse
hryggr
(= back, ridge) <
proto-germanic
*hruggin.
ridiculous
< ridyculouse
< latin
ridiculus
(= laughable, funny) <
rideo
[inf. ridere]
(= to laugh).
rife
< old
english
rife
(= common, abundant, prevalent) <
proto-germanic
*rif-.
riff
< (?) a
shortening of riffle
(= make choppy water) < (?) ruffle
(= make rough).
rifle
< rifled
[pistol] <
rifle
(q.v.).
rifle
< middle
english rifle
< old
french
rifler
(= scratch, strip, plunder) < (?) germanic
source.
rift
< middle
english rift
(= a
split, act of splitting) <
scandinavian
source.
rig
< middle
english rig
(= to fit
with sails) < (?) scandinavian
source.
rigatoni
<
italian
rigatoni,
plural of rigato,
past participle of rigare
(= draw a line) <
riga
(= line) <
proto-germanic
*rigon-.
right
< old
english
riht
(= just, good, fair, proper) <
proto-germanic
*rehtan {>
old norse
rettr, dutch
recht, gothic
raihts, german
recht} <
I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line, rule, lead).
rigor
< middle
english rigor
<
old french
rigor
(= strength, hardness) <
latin
rigor
(= numbness,
stiffness, hardness) <
rigeo
[inf. rigere]
(= be stiff).
rim
< old
english
rima
(= edge, border, coast).
rime
< old
english
hrim
< proto-germanic
*khrima-.
rind
< old
english
rinde
(= bark, crust) <
proto-germanic
*rind-.
ring
(= circular
band) < old
english
hring
(= small circlet) <
proto-germanic
*hringaz (=
curved, circle).
ring
(= sound a bell) < old
english
hringan
(= sound, announce by bells) <
proto-germanic *khrengan
< (?) imitative
origin.
rink
< middle
english rink
< old
french
renc
/ reng
(= row, line) <
proto-germanic
*hringaz
(= curved, circle).
rinse
< middle
english rinse
<
old french
reincier
(= to
wash, cleanse) < (?) recincier
< vulgar
latin
*recentio
[inf. recentiare]
(= make fresh, wash) <
late latin
recento
[inf. recentare]
(= make fresh) <
latin
recens
[gen. recentis]
(= new, fresh).
Rio
de Janeiro < italian
Rio de Janeiro
(= River of January) [named by Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer,
because he discovered it on 1 January 1502] < latin
rivus
(= brook, stream) + de
(= of, from) + Januarius
[mensis]
(= [month] of Janus) < Janus,
a Roman god, having two faces (cf. January).
riot
< middle
english riot
< old
french
riote
(= dispute,
quarrel, argument) < (?) latin
rugio
[inf. rugire]
(= to roar).
rip
<
middle
english rip
(= tear
apart) < (?) proto-germanic
*rupjan-.
ripe
< old
english
ripe
(= fit for eating, mature) <
west
germanic
*ripijaz.
rise
< old
english
risan
(= to rise, rise from sleep, stand up) <
proto-germanic
*us-risanan
(= go up).
risible
< middle
french
risible
< late
latin
risibilis
(= laughable) <
latin risus,
past participle of rideo
[inf. ridere]
(= to laugh).
risk
< risque
< french
risque
<
italian
risc(i)o
<
riscare
(= run into danger).
risotto
< italian
risotto
< riso
(= rice) < latin
oriza
< ancient greek
όρυζα |
oryza (=
rice) < indo-iranian source
[cf. pashto
vrize]
< sanskrit vrihi-s
(= rice).
rite
< middle
english rite
<
latin
ritus
(= religious ceremony, custom).
ritual
< middle
french
ritual
/ latin
ritualis
(= relating
to rites) <
ritus
(= religious ceremony, custom).
rival
< latin
rivalis
(= rival, adversary in love, neighbor) <
rivus
(= brook).
river
< middle
english river
<
anglo-french
rivere
/ old
french
riviere
(= river, riverside, river bank) <
vulgar
latin
*riparia
(= riverbank, seashore, river) {> italian
riviera, spanish
ribera} < latin
riparia,
female of riparius
(= of a riverbank) < ripa (=
riverbank).
rivet
< middle
english rivet
<
old french
rivet
(= nail, rivet) <
old french
river
(= to clench, fasten) < (?) middle
dutch
wriven
(= turn, grind).
rivulet
< italian
rivoletto,
a diminutive of rivolo,
a diminutive of rivo
(= brook) <
latin
rivus
(= stream, brook).
RNA
< [1948]
an abbreviation of ribonucleic
acid
< ribose
+ nucleic
acid.
road
< old
english
rad
(= journey, riding expedition) <
proto-germanic
*raido
< I.E.
*reidh-
(= to ride).
roam
< middle
english romen
< (?) old
english
*ramian
(= act of wandering about).
roan
< middle
french
roan
(= reddish brown) < (?) spanish
roano
< old
spanish
raudano
< I.E.
*reudh-
(= red, ruddy).
roar
< old
english
rarian
(= roar, lament, cry) < (?) imitative
origin.
roast
< middle
english roast
< old
french
rostir
(= to roast, burn) <
frankish
*hraustjan.
rob
< middle
english rob
<
old french
rober
(= rob, steal) <
west
germanic
*rauba
(= booty).
robe
<
middle
english robe
<
old french
robe
< west
germanic
*raubo
(= booty).
Robert
< old
french Robert
< old high
german
Hrodberht
< hrod-
(= fame, glory) +
*berht
(= bright).
Robin
< old
french
Robin,
a diminutive of Robert
(q.v.).
robot
< czech
robotnik (=
forced worker) [used
by Czech writer Karel Capek in his novel R.U.R. (= Rossum’s
Universal Robots) [1920], but coined by his brother, Joseph] <
robota
(= forced labor) <
robotiti
(= to work).
robust
< middle
french
robuste
< latin
robustus
(= strong and hardy) <
robur
/ robus
(= hard timber, strength, a kind of oak) <
ruber
(= red).
rock
(= stone)
< middle
english rock
< old
english
rocc
< old
french
roque
<
vulgar
latin
*rocca
(= stone).
rock
(= to sway) < old
english
roccian
(= move a child gently).
rock
(= rock music) < [1957] a shortening of rock
and roll / rock
'n'
roll,
a kind of music with strong beat [from an african-american
euphemism for sexual intercourse].
rocket
(plant) <
middle
french
roquette
<
italian
rochetta,
a diminutive of ruca,
a kind of cabbage <
latin
eruca
(= cabbage, colewort).
rocket
(= projectile) <
italian
rocchetto
(= rocket), a diminutive of rocca
(= distaff) [so called for its cylindrical shape like the root of
this plant] < proto-germanic
*rukkon-.
rococo
< french
rococo
< rocaille
(= shellwork, pebble-work) [(?) so called for the excess use of shell
designs in this style] < middle
french
roche
(= rock) <
vulgar
latin
*rocca
(= stone).
rod
< old
english
rodd
(= rod, pole) <
(?) proto-germanic
*rudd-
(= stick, club).
rodent
< modern
latin
rodentia,
the name of this animal order
< latin
rodens [rodentis],
present participle of rodo
[inf. rodere]
(= to gnaw).
rodeo
< spanish
rodeo
(= pen for
cattle at a fair) <
rodear
(= go round, surround), related to rodare
(= revolve, roll) <
latin roto
[inf. rotare]
(= go around) < rota
(= wheel).
Roderick
< old
high german
Hroderich
<
hruod-
(= fame, glory) + proto-germanic
*rikja
(= rule).
roe
(= fish
eggs) < middle
english roe
< (?) old
english
*hrogn
< proto-germanic
*khrugna.
roe
(= small deer) < old
english ra
< raha
< proto-germanic
*raikhaz.
roentgen
< german
[Wilhem Conrad]
Röntgen,
physicist [who discovered X-rays (1895)].
rogation
< middle
english rogation
< latin
rogatio
(= an
asking, prayer) < rogo
[inf. rogare]
(= to ask, inquire, question).
Roger
< old
french
Rogier
< old
high german
Hrotger
<
hruod-
(= fame, glory) + ger
(= spear).
rogue
< (?) a
shortening of roger
[slang] < (?) latin
rogo
[inf. rogare]
(= to ask, question).
Roland
<
french Roland
< old
high german
Hrodland
< hruod-
(= fame, glory) + land.
role
<
french
rôle
(= roll of paper on which an actor’s part is written) <
old french
rolle
(= document, parchment scroll) <
medieval
latin
rotulus
(= a roll of paper) <
latin rotula
(= small wheel), a diminutive of rota
(= wheel).
Rolf
< old
norse
Hrolfr,
related to old high
german
Hrodulf
< hruod-
(= fame, glory) + wolf.
roll
< middle
english roll
(= rolled-up
piece of paper) <
old french
rolle
(= document, parchment scroll) <
medieval
latin
rotulus
(= a roll of paper) <
latin rotula
(= small wheel), a diminutive of rota
(= wheel).
Rom
(= male gypsy) < romany rom
(= man,
husband, Gypsy) [plural roma]
< sanskrit
domba-s
(= male
member of a low caste of musicians).
Roman
< old
english Roman
< latin
Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) <
Roma
(= Rome).
romance
< middle
english romance
< old
french
romanz
(= verse narrative) <
vulgar
latin *romanice
[scribere]
(= [to write] in a Romance language) [as opposed to classical latin
writing] <
latin
Romanicus
(= of Roman style) <
Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) <
Roma
(= Rome).
Romania
< latin
Romani
(= people from Rome) [used to describe the Roman colonists in this
country] < Romani,
plural of Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) <
Roma
(= Rome).
romantic
< french
romantique
< middle
french
romant
(= a romance) < old
french
romanz
(= verse narrative) <
vulgar
latin *romanice
[scribere]
(= [to write] in a Romance language) [as opposed to classical
latin writing] <
latin
Romanicus
(= of Roman style) <
Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) <
Roma
(= Rome).
Romany
(= Gypsy)
< romani,
female of romano
(= Gypsy)
< romany
rom
(= man,
husband, Gypsy) [plural roma]
< sanskrit
domba-s
(= male
member of a low caste of musicians).
Rome
< old
english Rome
< old
french
Rome
< latin
Roma
< (?) etruscan
origin.
Ronald
< old
norse
Rögnvaldr
< rögn
(= gods), plural of regin
(= decree) + valdr
(= ruler).
rood
< old
english
rod
(= pole) <
proto-germanic
*rod-.
roof
< old
english
hrof
(= roof, ceiling, top sky) <
proto-germanic *khrofam.
rook
(= crow) < old
english
hroc
< proto-germanic
*khrokaz
< (?) imitative
origin.
rook
(chess piece) < middle
english rook
<
old french
roc
< arabic
rukhkh
< persian
rukh
< (?) related to hindi
rath
(= chariot).
rookie
< (?)
recruit
[by influence of rook
(= easy to
cheat)] <
recrew
/ recrue
< french
recrute
< recreue
(= a supply, a levy of troops) < recrue
(= a levy, a recruit) <
old french
recreu,
past participle of recreistre
(= grow again) <
re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + creistre
(= to grow) (<
latin
cresco
[inf. crescere]
(= to grow)).
room
< old
english
rum
(= space) <
proto-germanic
*ruman
< *ruma-
(= roomy, spacious) <
I.E.
*reue-(1)
(= to
open, space).
roost
< old
english
hrost
(= wooden framework of roof, perch) <
proto-germanic
*hro(d)-st-.
rooster
< roost
[cock] < old
english
hrost
(= perch) <
proto-germanic
*hro(d)-st-.
root
< old
english
rot
< proto-germanic
*wrot
< I.E.
*wrād-
(= branch, root).
rope
< old
english
rap
(= rope, cord, cable) <
proto-germanic
*raipaz.
Rosa
< latin
Rosa
< rosa
(= rose).
rosary
<
middle
english rosary
<
medieval
latin
rosarium
(= string of beads, series of prayers) <
latin rosarium
(= rose garden) <
rosarium,
neuter of rosarius
(= of roses) <
rosa
(= rose).
rose
< old
english
rose
< latin
rosa
{> spanish
rosa, italian
rosa, french
rose, irish
ros, welsh
rhosyn, swedish
ros, dutch
roos, german
Rose, serbo-croatian
ruža, hungarian
rozsa, polish
róża, lithuanian
rožė, russian
roza} < ancient greek
‘ρόδον
| hrodhon
(= rose).
rosemary
< middle
english rosemary
[by influence of rose
and Mary]
< rosmarine
< latin
rosmarinus
< ros
(= dew) + marinus
(= of the sea) (<
mare
(= sea)).
rostrum
< latin
rostrum
(= beak, muzzle, the platform stand for public speakers [in Rome,
decorated with beaks of ships]) < rodo
[inf. rodere]
(= to gnaw).
rot
< old
english
rotian
(= to decay, putrefy) <
proto-germanic
*rutjan.
rotary
< medieval
latin
rotarius
(= pertaining to wheels) <
latin rota
(= wheel).
rotisserie
< french
rôtisserie
< rôtir
(= to roast) <
old french
rostir
(= to roast, burn) <
frankish
*hraustjan.
rotor
< a
shortening of rotator <
latin roto
[inf. rotare]
(= turn round, roll).
rotund
< latin
rotundus
(= rolling, circular, spherical) <
rota
(= wheel).
rotunda
<
italian
rotonda
<
rotunda,
female of rotundus
(= rolling, circular, spherical) <
rota
(= wheel).
rouge
< french
rouge
(= red coloring matter) <
latin
rubeus (=
red).
rough
< old
english
ruh
(= rough, coarse, shaggy) <
west
germanic
*rukhwaz
(= shaggy, hairy, rough) <
proto-germanic
*rukhaz.
roulette
< french
roulette
< old
french roelete
(= little wheel) < late
latin
rotella
(= small wheel) < a diminutive of latin
rota
(= wheel).
round
< middle
english round
<
anglo-french
rounde
/ old
french
roont
<
vulgar
latin *retundus
< latin
rotundus
(= rolling, circular, spherical) <
rota
(= wheel).
rout
< middle
french
route
(= disorderly flight of troops) <
vulgar
latin
*rupta
(= a dispersed group) <
latin
rupta,
female past participle of rumpo
[inf. rumpere]
(= to break).
route
< middle
english route
<
old french
rute
(= road, way, path) <
latin
rupta
[via] (=
[road] opened by force) <
rupta,
female past participle of rumpo
[inf. rumpere]
(= to break).
router
< rout
(= poke about, rummage) < root
(= dig with a snout) <
old
english
wrotan
(= root up) <
proto-germanic
*wrot
< I.E.
*wrād-
(= branch, root).
routine
< french
routine
(= usual course of action, beaten path) <
rute
(= road, way, path) <
latin
rupta
[via] (=
[road] opened by force) <
rupta,
female past participle of rumpo
[inf. rumpere]
(= to break).
rover
< middle
english rover
<
middle
dutch
rover
(= robber, plunderer, pirate) <
roven
(= to rob) <
middle
dutch roof
(= spoil, plunder).
row
< old
english
ræw
(= line, hedge-row, succession) < (?) proto-germanic
*rai(h)waz.
Roxanne
<
french Roxanne
[by influence of Anne]
< latin
Roxane
< ancient
greek ‘Ρωξάνη
| hRōxanē
[the wife of Alexander the great] < persian
origin.
royal
< middle
english royal
<
old french
roial
(= royal, regal) <
latin
regalis
(= of a king, kingly) <
rex
[gen. regis]
(= king).
rub
< middle
english rub,
(?) related to frisian
rubben
(= to scratch, rub), low
german rubbeling
(= rough).
rubbish
< middle
english robous
< anglo-french
rubouses.
ruble
< french
rouble
< russian
rubl’
< (?) old
russian
rubiti
(= to chop, cut) < proto-slavic
*rub-
< I.E.
*reub-
/ *reup-
(= to snatch).
rubric
< middle
english rubric
<
old french
rubrique
/ rubriche
(= rubric, title) <
latin rubrica
(= red ochre) <
ruber
(= red) <
I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
ruby
<
middle
english ruby
<
old french
rubi
<
medieval
latin
rubinus
[lapis] (=
red [stone]) <
latin
rubeus
(= red) <
I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
rudder
< middle
english
rother
< old
english
roðor
(= paddle, oar) <
proto-germanic
*rothru-.
rude
< middle
english rude
<
old french
ruide
/ latin
rudis
(= rough, crude).
rudiment
< middle
french
rudiment
/ latin
rudimentum
(= early training, first experience, beginning)
< rudis
(= unlearned, untrained).
Rudolph
<
german
Rudolf
< old high
german
Hrodulf
<
hruod-
(= fame, glory) + wolf.
ruffian
< middle
french
rufian
(= pimp) <
italian
ruffiano
(= pander, pimp).
ruffle
< middle
english ruffle
< (?) 1. old
norse
hrufla
(= to scratch) or 2. low
german
ruffelen
(= to wrinkle).
rufous
< latin
rufus
(= red, reddish, red-haired) <
I.E.
*reudh- (=
red).
Rufus
< latin
rufus
(= red, reddish, red-haired) <
I.E.
*reudh- (=
red).
rugby
< Rugby,
a city in Warwickshire of England < Rocheberie
< (?) *Hroca,
name of a man + old
english
burh
(= village).
rugged
< middle
english rugged
(= rough,
shaggy) <
old norse
rogg
(= shaggy tuft).
ruin
< middle
english ruin
<
old french
ruine
(= collapse) < latin
ruina
(= collapse, a rushing down).
rule
< middle
english rule
<
old french
riuler
(= impose rule) <
latin
regulo
[inf. regulare]
(= to rule, direct) <
latin regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood) <
I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line, to lead, rule).
ruminant
< latin
ruminans
[gen. ruminantis],
present participle of rumino
[inf. ruminare]
(= to chew the cud) <
rumen
[gen. ruminis]
(= gullet,
throat).
ruminate
< latin
ruminatus,
past participle of rumino
[inf. ruminare]
(= to chew the cud, turn over in the mind)
< rumen
[gen. ruminis]
(= gullet,
throat).
rummage
< 1. a
shortening of middle
french arrumage
(= arrangement of cargo) <
arrumer
(= to stow goods in the hold of a ship)
or 2. room
+ [suffix] -age.
rumor
< middle
english rumor
<
old french
rumor
(= commotion) <
latin
rumor
(= noise,
common talk).
rumple
< (?)
middle
english rimple
(= to wrinkle) <
old
english
hrympel
(= wrinkle).
run
< a
merger of 1. rinnan
/ irnan
(= to run, flow) + 2. ærnan
/ earnan
(= ride, run to, reach) <
proto-germanic
*rannjanan,
causative of *ren-
(= to run).
rune
< old
english
run(e)
(= secret, mystery, runic letter) <
proto-germanic
*runo.
rung
< old
english
hrung
(= rod, bar) <
proto-germanic
*khrungo.
runnel
<
middle
english
ryneil
(= rivulet) <
old
english
rinelle,
rynel,
a diminutive of ryne
(= a stream).
rupee
< hindi
/ urdu
rupiyah
< sanskrit
rupyah
(= wrought silver) <
rupah
(= shape, image).
Rupert
< (?) a blend of 1. german
Ruprecht
+ 2. english
Robert.
rupture
< middle
english
rupture <
latin
ruptura
(= a breaking, fracture) <
rumpo
[inf. rumpere]
(= to break).
rural
< middle
english
rural <
old french
rural
< latin
ruralis
(= of the country, rural) <
rus
[gen. ruris]
(= open
land, country).
ruse
< middle
english
ruse <
1. old
french
r(e)use
(= diversion, trick, jest) < reuser
(= to dodge, retreat, cheat) <
latin
recuso
[inf. recusare]
(= deny, reject, oppose) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + causor
[inf. causari]
(= plead as a reason) <
causa
(= reason, cause) or 2. latin
rursus
(= backwards).
rush
(= bulrush) < old
english
resc
< risc
< proto-germanic
*rusk-.
rush
(= hurry) < middle
english
rush <
anglo-french
russher
< old
french
reuser
(= to dodge, retreat, cheat) <
latin
recuso
[inf. recusare]
(= deny, reject, oppose) <
[prefix] re-
(= back, again) + causor
[inf. causari]
(= plead as a reason) <
causa
(= reason, cause).
rusk
<
spanish /
portuguese
rosca
(= coil, roll, twist of bread) < (?) iberian
word.
Russell
< old
french
rousel,
a diminutive of rous
(= red) <
latin
russus
(= red) <
I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
russet
< middle
english
russet
< old
french
rousset
< rosset
(= reddish),
a diminutive of ro(u)s
(= red) <
latin
russus
(= red) <
I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
Russia
<
medieval
latin
Russi
(= the people of Russia) <
Rus,
the native name < (?) finnish
Ruotsi
< old
norse
Roþrslandi
(= the
land of rowing) <
old norse
roðr
(= steering oar) <
proto-germanic
*rothra-
(= rudder).
rust
< old
english
rust
(= rust, moral canker) <
proto-germanic
*rusta-
< I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
rustic
< middle
english
rustic <
latin
rusticus
(= of the country, rural) <
rus
[gen. ruris]
(= open
land, country).
rut
(= narrow track) < (?) middle
english
route
< old
french
rute
(= road, way, path) <
latin
rupta
[via] (=
[road] opened by force) <
rupta,
female past participle of rumpo
[inf. rumpere]
(= to break).
rut
(= animal mating season) < middle
english
rut <
old french
ru(i)t
< late
latin
rugitus
(= a
bellowing, a roaring) <
latin
rugio
[inf. rugire]
(= to bellow).
ruth
<
middle
english
ruthe
< old
norse
hryggð
(= ruth, sorrow) <
hryggr
(= sorrowful).
Ruth
<
hebrew
Ruth
< (?) reuth
(= companion, friend, fellow woman).
rye
< old
english
ryge
< proto-germanic
*ruig
< a
I.E.
*wrughyo-
(= rye).