rabbi < middle english rabbi < late latin rabbi < ancient greek ‘ραββί
| hrabbi < hebrew
rabbi
(= my master) < rabh
(= master) + [suffix] -i.
rabbit < middle english rabbit
< walloon robète, a diminutive of flemish / middle dutch
robbe
(= rabbit).
raccoon < racoon
< arocoun < algonquian arahkun < arahkunem (= he scratches
with the hands).
race (= act of runing)
< old english race < old norse ras (= running, rush) < proto-germanic
*res-.
race (= people from
common ancestor) < middle
french race < razza (= race, lineage, family) <
(?) italian razza (= race).
Rachel < late latin Rachel
< ancient greek 'Ραχήλ | hRakhēl < hebrew Rahel (= ewe).
rack < middle english
rack
< (?) middle dutch rec (= framework) < proto-germanic *rak-.
racket < middle french rachette
/ requette
(= racket for hitting, palm of the
hand) < (?) vulgar arabic
rahet
< arabic raha(t) (= palm of the
hand).
radar < an acronym of radio detecting
and ranging [1941].
radiation < middle english radiation < middle french radiation
< latin radiatio (= a shining, radiation) < radio [inf. radiare] (= to beam, shine)
< radius (= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
radio < [1907] a shortening of radiophone [1881] / radio-telegraphy [1898] / radio-receiver [1903] < latin radius (= beam of light, radius of a
circle, spoke of a wheel).
radius < latin radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
RAF < an acronym of
Royal Air
Force [1918].
raffle < middle english raffle < old french rafle
(= dice game, plundering) < (?) proto-germanic *khrap-
(= to pluck out, snatch off).
rag < middle english rag < (?) old norse rögg
(= shaggy tuft) / old danish rag < proto-germanic *rawwa-.
rage < middle english rage < old french ra(i)ge (= spirit, passion, fury) < medieval latin rabia < latin rabies
(= rage, fury, madness).
raid < middle english raid <
rade
(= a riding, journey) < old
english rad (= a riding, expedition, journey).
rail < middle english
rail < old french reille
(= bolt, bar) < vulgar latin
*regla < latin regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood).
rain < old english regn
(= rain) < proto-germanic
*regna-
{> old norse regn, dutch regen, german regen}.
raise < middle english raise
< proto-germanic
*raizjan
< *ris- (= to rise).
rake < old
english raca < ræce < proto-germanic *rak- (= gather).
rally < french rallier < old french ralier
(= reassemble) < re-
(< latin re- (= again)) + alier
(= unite) (< old french
alier
(= combine) < aliier < latin
alligo
[inf. alligare] < adligo
[inf. adligare] (= bind to) < ad (= to) + ligo
[inf. ligare] (= to bind, tie)).
Ralph < a shortening
of Radulf < old norse Raðulfr
< rað (= counsel) + ulfr
(= wolf).
ram < old english ramm
< rom
(= male sheep) < west germanic source.
RAM < [1957] an acronym of Random Access
Memory.
Ramadan < arabic Ramadan
(= the hot month) < ramida (= be
burnt).
ramp < middle english ramp < old french ramper
(= to climb, mount) < (?) frankish *rampon < proto-germanic *hrimp-
(= to contract oneself).
ranch < american spanish rancho
(= small farm) < spanish
rancho
(= mess-room) < ranchear
(= to lodge) < old french
ranger
(= install in position) < rang
/ reng
(= row, line) < frankish
*hring
< proto-germanic *hringaz
(= circle, ring).
Randal < a shortening
of old english Randwulf < rand (= shield) + wulf
(= wolf).
Randolph < old norse Rannulfr
(= shield-wolf) / frankish *Rannulf (= raven-wolf) (< wulf
(= wolf)).
random < [at] random (= [at] great
speed, carelessly, haphazardly) < middle english randon
(= impetuosity, speed) < old
french randon (= rush, force)
< randir (= run fast) <
frankish *rant (= a running) < proto-germanic *randa.
range < middle english rengen
(= move over a large area) < old french ranger
< rengier
(= arrange, get into line) < rang /
reng
(= row, line) < frankish
*hring
< proto-germanic *hringaz
(= circle, ring).
rank < middle english rank
< old french ranc
/ renc
(= row, line) < frankish *hring < proto-germanic *hringaz (= circle, ring).
ransom < middle english ransom
< old french ranson < raenson (= ransom,
redemption) < latin redemptio
(= a redeeming) < redimo [inf. redimere]
(= redeem, buy back) < re(d)-
(= back, again) + emo [inf. emere] (= buy).
rant < dutch randten
(= talk foolishly, rave).
rap (= talk
informally, chat) < middle english rap
(= quick blow) < (?) scandinavian
source < imitative origin.
rape < middle english rape
< anglo-french raper
(= seize, abduct) < latin rapio [inf. rapere] (= hurry away, seize, abduct).
Raphael < late latin Raphael
< ancient greek ‘Ραφαήλ | hRaphaēl < hebrew Repha’el (= God has healed) < rapha (= he healed) + El (= God).
rapid < french rapide
< latin rapidus (= hasty, fierce, impetuous) < rapio [inf. rapere] (= hurry away, seize, abduct).
rapture < middle french rapture < medieval latin raptura
(= seizure, rape, kidnapping) < latin
raptus,
past participle of rapio [inf. rapere]
(= hurry away, seize, abduct).
rare (= unusual) < middle english rare < old french rere
(= sparse) < latin rarus
(= not thick, full of empty spaces).
rare (= undercooked) <
middle english rere < old english hrere (= lightly cooked) < proto-germanic *hrorjan.
rascal < middle english rascaile
(= tricky, dishonest person, of the lowest class) < old french rascaille
(= rabble, mob) < (?) a diminutive of old french rascler < vulgar latin *rasico
[inf. rasicare] (= to scrape).
rase < middle english rase
< old french raser
(= scrape, shave) < medieval latin
raso
[inf. rasare] (= to scrape) < latin
rado
[inf. radere] (= to scrape, shave).
rash (= eruption of small red spots on skin) <
(?) french rache (= a sore) < vulgar latin * rasico [inf. rasicare] (= to scrape) <
latin rasus, past participle of rado [inf. radere] (= to scrape,
shave).
rash (= quick) < middle english rash
(= quick, vigorous) < proto-germanic *raskuz.
rasp < middle english rasp
(= to scrape) < middle dutch raspen < old french rasper
(= to grate, rasp) < (?) west
germanic source.
raster < german Raster
(= screen, frame) < latin
rastrum
(= rake) < rasum, neuter past
participle of rado [inf. radere] (= to scrape, shave).
rat < old english ræt
(= rat) < (?) 1. germanic origin or 2. vulgar latin *rattus or 3. latin rodo
[inf. rodere] (= eat).
rate (= estimated value) < middle english rate
< old french rate (= price, value) < medieval
latin rata [pars] (= fixed [part]) < latin rata
(= fixed), female past participle of reor [inf. reri] (= reckon, think).
rate (= to scold) < middle english rate
< (?) old french reter (= accuse) < latin reputo [inf. reputare] (= count over, blame)
< re- (= again) + puto [inf. putare] (= judge, suppose).
rather < old english hraþor
(= more quickly, sooner), comparative of hraþe / hræþe (= quickly,
promptly, readily) < proto-germanic
*khratha-
< I.E. *kret-
(= to shake).
ratify < middle english ratify
< old french ratifier
< medieval latin ratifico
[inf. ratificare] (= confirm,
approve) < latin ratus
(= fixed), past participle of reor [inf. reri] (= reckon, think) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).
ratio < latin ratio
(= reckoning, calculation, reason, judgment)
< reor [inf. reri] (=
reckon, think).
ration < french ration
< latin ratio
(= reckoning, calculation, reason,
judgment) < rat reor
[inf. reri] (= reckon, think).
raucous < latin raucus
(= hoarse).
ravage < french ravager
(= devastate) < old french
ravage
(= destruction) < ravir
(= seize, take away hastily) < latin
rapio
[inf. rapere] (= hurry away, seize,
abduct).
rave < middle english rave
(= show madness) < old french
raver
< resver
(= dream, wander, be crazy).
raven < old english hræfn
/ hrefn
(= raven) < proto-germanic
*khrabanaz.
ravish < middle english ravish
< old french ravir (= seize, take away hastily) < latin rapio
[inf. rapere] (= hurry away, seize,
abduct).
raw < old english hreaw
(= uncooked, raw) < proto-germanic
*khrawaz
< I.E. *kreue-
(= raw flesh).
ray < middle english ray
< old french rais (= ray, gush, spurt) < latin
radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
Raymond < old french Raimund < frankish *Raginmund < ragin (= counsel) + mund
(= hand, protection) (< proto-germanic *mundo
< I.E. *man-(2) (= hand)).
rayon < french rayon
(= beam of light, ray) [so called for
its shining texture] < old
french rais (= ray, gush,
spurt) < latin radius
(= beam of light, radius of a circle, spoke of a wheel).
raze < racen
(= pull down, knock down) < rasen
(= to scratch, slash, erase) < old french raser
(= to scrape, shave) < medieval
latin raso [inf. rasare] (=
to scrape) < latin rado
[inf. radere] (= to scrape, shave).
RCA < [1922] an acronym of Radio Corporation
of America.
reach < old english ræcan
/ reccan
(= to reach out, stretch out, to extend)
< proto-west germanic *raikejanan (= stretch out the hand) < proto-germanic *raikijanau.
read < old english rædan
/ redan
(= to advise, persuade, discuss,
explain, read) < proto-germanic
*redan
{> old norse raða, dutch raden, german
raten} < I.E. *re-
(= to reason, count).
ready < old english ræde
/ geræde
(= prepared, ready) < proto-germanic
*(ga)raitha- (= arranged).
real (= actual) < middle english real
< old french reel
(= real, actual) < late latin
realis
(= actual) < latin res
(= property, goods, matter, thing).
real (= spanish
coin) < spanish real,
a silver coin < real (= regal) < latin regalis
(= regal, royal) < rex
[gen. regis] (= king)
realm < middle english realm
< old french reaume
< (?) roiaume (= kingdom) [by influence of latin regalis
(= regal)] < gallo-roman *regimin < latin regimen
[gen. regiminis] (= rule, government) < rego [inf. regere] (= to rule, to direct, guide).
ream < middle english reme
(= make room, open up) < old
english ryman (= extend, enlarge)
< proto-germanic *rumijan < *rumaz (= spacious).
rear (= hindmost part) < rerewarde
(= rear guard) < anglo-french rerewarde
/ old french rieregarde < old french riere (= behind) (< latin
retro
(= back, behind) + old french garde (= guardian).
rear (= raise) < old
english ræran (= raise, build up, create) < proto-germanic *raizijanau (= to raise),
causative of *risanan (= to rise).
reason < middle english reason
< anglo-french resoun
/ old french raison (= course, matter, thought) < latin ratio
(= understanding, motive, cause) <
ratus,
past participle of reor [inf. reri] (=
reckon, think)
reave < old english reafian
(= to rob, plunder) < proto-germanic
*raubojanan
< I.E. *runp-
(= to break).
rebate < middle english rebate
< old french rabattre
(= beat down, drive back) < re-
(= again) (< latin re-
(= again)) + abattre (= beat down).
Rebecca < late latin Rebecca < ancient greek ‘Ρεβέκκα |
hRebekka < hebrew Ribhqeh
(= connection) < semitic r-b-q (= to tie, join).
rebel < middle english rebel
< old french rebelle
(= obstinate, rebellious) < latin rebellis (= insurgent,
rebellious) < rebello [inf. rebellare]
(= to rebel, revolt) < re-
(= again, against) + bello [inf. bellare] (= wage war) (< bellum (= war)).
rebus < latin rebus
(= by means of objects), ablative plural of res (= thing, object).
recede < middle english recede
< middle french
receder < latin recedo
[inf. recedere] (= go back, fall
back) < re- (= back, again) + cedo
[inf. cedere] (= go).
receive < middle english receive
< old french receivre
(= seize, pick up, accept) < latin recipio
[inf. recipere] (= regain, take back,
recover) < re- (= back, again) + capio
[inf. capere] (= take, hold).
recent < middle english recent
< latin recens
[gen. recentis] (= new, fresh, young) < re- (= again) + I.E.
*ken-
(= new, fresh, young).
recess < latin recessus
(= a going back, retreat) < recessus,
past participle of recedo [inf. recedere]
(= go back, fall back) < re-
(= back, again) + cedo [inf. cedere] (=
go).
recipe < middle french récipé
< latin recipe
(= take!), imperative of recipio [inf. recipere] (= regain, take back, recover) [usual word of physicians at the start of prescriptions] < re- (= back, again) + capio
[inf. capere] (= take, hold).
recital < recite
(q.v.) + [suffix] -al.
recite < middle english recite
< old french reciter
< latin recito [inf. recitare] (= read aloud, repeat from memory) < re- (= back, again) + cito [inf. citare] (= to summon).
reck < old english reccan
(= take care of, be interested in) < west germanic *rokjan < proto-germanic *rokja-.
reckon < middle english recenen < old english gerecenian
(= explain, recount) < proto-germanic
*(ga)rakinaz (= ready).
reclaim < middle english reclaim
< old french reclamer
(= call upon, invoke, seduce) < latin reclamo [inf. reclamare] (= cry out against, protest) < re- (=back, against) + clamo
[inf. clamare] (= cry out).
recline < middle english recliner
< old french recliner
(= rest, bend, lean over) < latin reclino [inf. reclinare] (= bend back, lean back) < re- (= back, against) + clino
[inf. clinare] (= to bend).
recognize < middle english recognize
< old french reconoistre (= know again,
recognize) < latin recognosco
[inf. recognoscere] (= recall to mind) < re- (= back, again) + cognosco
[inf. cognoscere] (=get to know).
recoil < middle english recoil
< old french reculer
(= go back, give way, retreat) < vulgar
latin *reculo [inf. reculare] < latin re- (= back, again) + culus
(= backside, bottom).
recommend < middle english recommend
< medieval latin recommendo
[inf. recommendare] (= recommend) < latin re- (= back, again) + commendo
[inf. commendare] (= commend).
recompense < middle english recompense
(= to redress) < middle french recompenser < medieval latin
recompenso
[inf. recompensare] (= to reward) < latin re-
(= again) + compenso [inf. compensare]
(= balance out) (< com
(= together) + penso [inf. pensare] (=
to balance, weigh) < pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang, weigh, pay)).
reconcile < middle english reconcilen
(= to restore) < old french reconcilier < latin reconsilio
[inf. reconcilare] (= to regain,
conciliate) < re- (= again) + concilio
[inf. conciliare] (= make friendly)
(< consilium (= a meeting)).
recondite < old french recondit < latin reconditus,
past participle of recondo [inf. recondere]
(= store away, hide, put back again) <
re-
(= again) + condo [inf. condere]
(= set up, build) (< com (= together) + do
[inf. dare] (= give)).
record < middle english record
< old french recorder
(= tell, repeat, report) < latin recordor [inf. recordari] (= remember, call to mind) < re- (= again, restore) + cor
[gen. cordis] (= heart, mind).
recoup < french recouper
(= cut back) < old french
re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + couper
(= to cut) (< coup, colp
(= a blow, strike) < medieval
latin colpus < vulgar
latin *colapus < latin
colaphus
(= a cuff on the head) < ancient
greek κόλαφος |
kolaphos (= a blow, punch, slap)).
recourse < middle english recourse
< old french recours
< latin recursus
(= a return) < recurro
[inf. recurrere] (= run back, return) < re- (= back, again) + curro
[inf. currere] (= to run).
recover < middle english recover
< anglo-french rekeverer
/ old french recovrer (= come back, return) < medieval latin recupero
[inf. recuperare] (= get back, regain)
< re- (= back, again) + cupero
[inf. cuperare] (= to run).
recreant < middle english recreant
< old french recreant
(= defeated, vanquished) < recroire (= to yield, surrender,
believe again) < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + croire
(= believe) (< latin credo [inf. credere] (= believe)).
recreation < middle english recreation
< old french recreacion
< latin recreatio
(= recovery from illness) < recreo
[inf. recreare] (= refresh, revive) < re- (= back, again) + creo
[inf. creare] (= create).
recrement < french récrément
< latin recrementum < re- (= back, again) + cerno [inf. cernere] (= to sift, separate).
recruit < recrew / recrue
< french recrute < recreue (= a supply, a
levy of troops) < recrue (= a levy, a recruit) < old french recreu,
past participle of recreistre (= grow again)
< re- (< latin
re- (= back, again)) + creistre
(= to grow) (< latin cresco [inf. crescere] (= to grow)).
rectangle < middle french rectangle
< late latin rectangulum < latin rectus (= right, straight) + angulus
(= angle).
rectify < middle english rectify
< old french rectifier
(= make straight) < late
latin rectifico [inf. rectificare]
(= make right) < latin rectus
(= right, straight) + facio [inf. facere] (= make, do).
rector < middle english rector
< latin rector
(= ruler, governor, guide) < rego
[inf. regere] (= to rule, guide).
rectum < middle english rectum
< latin [intestinum] rectum (= straight [intestine])
< rectum, neuter past
participle of rego [inf. regere] (=
to rule, guide, keep straight).
recumbent < latin recumbens
[gen. recumbentis], present
participle of recumbo [inf. recumbere]
(= recline, lie down, fall) < re-
(= back, again) + -cumbo [inf. -cumbere]
(= to lie down).
recur < middle english recur
< latin recurro
[inf. recurrere] (= run back, return) < re- (= back, again) + curro
[inf. currere] (= to run).
recuse < middle english recuse
< old french recuser
< latin recuso
[inf. recusare] (= decline, refuse,
reject) < re- (= back, again) + causa
(= cause, reason, lawsuit).
red < old
english read (= red) < proto-germanic
*rauthan
{> old norse rauðr, danish rød, dutch rood,
german rot} < I.E.
*reudh-
(= red, ruddy).
redact < middle english redact
< latin redactus,
past participle of redigo [inf. redigere]
(= drive back, force back) < re(d)-
(= back, again) + ago [inf. agere] (= drive, lead, act).
redd < middle english redd
< old english hreddan
(= to save, free, recover) < proto-germanic *hradjan.
redeem < middle english redeem
< old french redimer (= buy back) < latin redimo
[inf. redimere] (= redeem, buy back) < re(d)- (= back, again) + emo
[inf. emere] (= take, buy).
redo < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + do
(< middle english do
< old english don (= make, perform) < west germanic *doanan).
redolent < middle english redolent
< old french redolent
(= emitting a scent) < latin redolens [gen. redolentis], present participle of redoleo [inf. redolere] (= diffuse odor) < re(d)- (= back, again) + oleo
[inf. olere] (= give off a smell).
reduce < middle english reduce
< old french reducer
< latin reduco
[inf. reducere] (= bring back,
restore) <re- (= back, again) + duco [inf. ducere] (= lead, bring).
reebok < dutch roebuck
(= south african antelope) < roe
(= small deer) (< proto-germanic
*raikhaz)
+ buck
(= male deer) (< proto-germanic *buccon).
reed < old english hreod
(= reed, rush) < proto-germanic
*kreut-
(= reed).
reef (= rock ridge
underwater) < riffe < (?) dutch riffe < scandinavian source.
reef (= horizontal
section of sail) < middle english reef < scandinavian
source.
reek < old english re(o)can (= emit smoke) < proto-germanic
*reukan.
reel < old
english hreol (= reel for winding thread) < proto-germanic *hrehulaz.
refer < middle english refer
< old french referer < latin refero
[inf. referre] (= relate, refer) < re- (= back, again) + fero
[inf. ferre] (= carry, bear).
reflection < middle english reflexion
< late latin reflexio
(= reflection) < latin reflecto [inf. reflectere] (= bend back)
<re- (= back, again) + flecto
[inf. flectere] (= to bend).
refract < latin refractus,
past participle of refringo [inf. refringere]
(= break up) < re-
(= back, again) + frango [inf. frangere]
(= to break).
refrain < middle english refrain
< old french refraigner (= restrain, repress) < latin refreno
[inf. refrenare] (= to bridle,
control) < re- (= back, again) + freno
[inf. frenare] (= restrain, bridle) (<
frenum
(= bridle)).
refrigeration < middle english refrigeration
< latin refrigeratio
(= a cooling) < refrigero
[inf. refrigerare] (= to cool down) < re- (= back, again) + frigero
[inf. frigerare] (= make cool) (<frigus [gen. frigoris] (= cold)).
refuge < middle english refuge
< old french refuge (= hiding place) < latin refugium
(= a taking refuge) < re-
(= back, again) + fugo [inf. fugere] (=
to flee).
refund < middle english refund
< old french refunder
(= restore) < latin refundo [inf. refundere] (= give back, restore) < re- (= back, again) + fundo [inf. fundere] (= to pour).
refuse < middle english refuse
< old french refus (= rubbish, refusal,
rejection) < refuser (= reject, avoid) <
vulgar latin *refuso [inf. refusare] < latin refundo [inf. refundere] (= give back, restore) < re- (= back, again) + fundo
[inf. fundere] (= to pour).
refute < middle french réfuter
< latin refuto [inf. refutare] (= drive back, rebut, disprove) < re- (= back, again) + *futo [inf. futare] (= to beat).
regain < middle french regaigner
< re- (< latin re- (= back, again)) + gaginer (<
old french gaaignier (= to earn, capture, win) < frankish *waidanjan
(= hunt) < proto-germanic
*waithanjan
(= hunt) < *waithjo- (= hunting)).
regal < middle english regal
< old french regal (= royal) / latin regalis
(= royal, kingly) < rex
[gen. regis] (= king).
regale < french régaler
(= to entertain) < old french
regale
/ rigale < gale (= merriment) < galer
(= make merry, rejoice) < (?) frankish *wala- (= good, well) <
proto-germanic *wal-.
regard < middle english regard
(= judgment) < old french
regard < regarder (= take notice
of, heed) < [prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + garder (= heed, protect, preserve) (< frankish *wardon < proto-germanic *wardon (= to guard)).
regatta < italian [venetian] regatta (= contention for mastery) < rigattare (= compete,
haggle, sell at retail) < (?) riga (= row, rank) < germanic source.
regent < middle english regent
(= a ruler) < regent (= governing) <
medieval latin regens [gen. regentis] (= ruler)
< latin regens,
present participle of rego [inf. regere] (= to rule, direct).
reggae < jamaican english reggae
[1968] < (?) related to rege-rege (= ragged clothes,
quarrel, protest) < raga-raga < middle english
rag < (?) old norse rögg
(= shaggy tuft) / old danish rag < proto-germanic *rawwa-.
regiment < middle english regiment
< old french regiment
(= government) < late latin
regimentum
(= rule, direction) < latin
rego
[inf. regere] (= to rule, direct).
Reginald < old high german Reginald
(= ruling with power).
region < middle english region
(= tract of land of a considerable
but indefinite extent) < anglo-french
regioun
/ old french region (= land, region, province) < latin regio
(= district, territory, direction) < rego [inf. regere] (= to rule, direct).
register < middle english register
< old french registre < medieval latin
registrum
< late latin regesta (= list) < latin
regesta,
neuter plural past participle of regero [inf. regerere] (= bring back, record) < re- (= back, again) + gero
[inf. gerere] (= carry, bear).
regress < middle english regress
< latin regressus
(= a return, retreat) < regredior [inf. regredi] (= go back) <
re-
(= back, again) + gradior [inf. gradi]
(= to step, walk).
regret < middle english regret
< old french regreter
(= long after, bewail) < [prefix] re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + -greter (< (?)
proto-germanic *gretan (= weep)).
regular < middle english regular
< old french reguler < late latin regularis (= containing rules) < latin regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood).
Reich < german Reich
(= kingdom, state) < old high german rihhi
(= realm) < proto-germanic
*rikja
(= rule) < I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line).
reign < middle english reign
< old french regner (= rule, reign) < latin regno
[inf. regnare] (= reign, be king) < regnum (= kingship,
dominion).
reject < middle english reject
< old french rejecter < latin rejectus,
past participle of rejecto [inf. rejectare]
(= throw away, cast away) < rejicio [inf. rejicere] (= throw back) <
re-
(= back, again) + jaceo [inf. jacere]
(= to throw).
relate < middle french relater
(= refer, report) < latin relatus, past participle of refero
[inf. referre] (= bring back) < re- (= back, again) + latus,
past participle of fero [inf. ferre] (=
bring, carry).
relax < middle english relax
< old french relaschier
(= set free, soften) < latin
relaxo
[inf. relaxare] (= relax, loosen) < re- (= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare] (= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
relay < middle english relay
< middle french relai
< old french relaier
(= leave behind) < re-
(< latin re- (= back,
again)) + laier (= leave, let) (< (?) old french laissier (= leave) < latin laxo [inf. laxare] (= loosen) (< laxus (= loose)).
release < middle english release
< old french relaissier
/ relesser
(= to quit, abandon) < relacher (= release, relax) < latin relaxo
[inf. relaxare] (= relax, loosen) < re- (= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare] (= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
relic < middle english relic
< old french relique
< late latin reliquiæ
[plural] (= remains of a
martyr) < latin reliquiæ, female plural of reliquus
(= remaining), related to relinquo [inf. relinquere] (= leave
behind) < re- (= back, again) + linquo
[inf. linquere] (= to leave).
relict < middle english relict
(= a widow) < old french relicte, female of relict
(= left behind) < medieval latin relicta (= a widow) < relicta,
female of relictus (= abandoned) < latin relinquo
[inf. relinquere] (= leave behind) < re- (= back, again) + linquo [inf. linquere] (= to leave).
relieve < middle english relieve
< old french relever (= to raise) < latin
relevo
[inf. relevare] (= to raise, lift up) < [prefix] re- (= back, again) + levo
[inf. levare] (= lift up, lighten) (<
levis
(= light, not heavy)).
religion < middle english religion
< anglo-french religiun
/ old french religion (= piety, religious
community) < late latin religio (= monastic life) < latin religio (= respect for the gods, divine service,
religion) < 1. relego [inf. relegere]
(= go through again) < re-
(= back, again) + lego [inf. legere] (=
read) or 2. religo [inf. religare]
(= to bind up) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + ligo [inf. ligare] (=
to bind) or 3. religiens (= careful) [as opposite of negligens].
relish < middle english reles
(= scent, taste) < old french
relais
/ reles
(= left behind) < relaisser
(= to leave behind) < latin
relaxo
[inf. relaxare] (= relax, loosen) < re- (= back, again) + laxo
[inf. laxare] (= loosen) (<
laxus
(= loose)).
reluctance < reluct
(= to struggle against) < latin
reluctor
[inf. reluctari] (= to struggle
against) < re- (= back, against) + luctor
[inf. luctari] (= to struggle,
wrestle).
rely < middle english rely
< old french relier
(= assemble, fasten. put together) <
latin religo [inf. religare]
(= to bind up) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + ligo [inf. ligare] (=
to bind).
remain < middle english remain
< old french remanoir (= stay, remain) < latin remaneo
[inf. remanere] (= to remain, to stay
behind) < re- (= back, again) + maneo
[inf. manere] (= to stay, remain).
remand < middle english remand
< middle french remander (= send for again) / late
latin remando [inf. remandare]
(= repeat a command) < latin
re-
(= back, again) + mando [inf. mandare]
(= to order).
remedy < middle english remedy
< anglo-french remedie
/ old french remede (= cure, remedy) < latin
remedium
(= cure, remedy, medicine) < re- (= back, again) + medeor [inf. mederi] (= to heal).
remember < middle english remembren
< old french remembrer
(= bring to mind) < latin
rememoror
[inf. rememorari] (= recall to mind) < re- (= back, again) + memoror
[inf. memorari] (= be mindful of) (<
memor (= mindful)).
reminiscence < middle french reminiscence
< late latin reminiscentia (= remembrance) < latin reminiscens
[gen. reminiscentis], present
participle of reminiscor [inf. reminisci]
(= remember) < re-
(= back, again) + miniscor [inf. minisci]
(= to remember) (< mens (= mind)).
remise < middle english remise
< old french remise,
past participle of remettre (= send back)
< latin remitto [inf. remittere] (= send back) <
re-
(= back, again) + mitto [inf. mittere]
(= to send).
remit < middle english remit
< latin remitto
[inf. remittere] (= send back) < re- (= back, again) + mitto
[inf. mittere] (= to send).
remorse < middle english remorse
< old french remors
< medieval latin remorsum
(= a biting back) < remorsum, neuter past participle of latin
remordeo
[inf. remordere] (= to vex, torment
disturb) < re- (= back, again) + mordeo
[inf. mordere] (= to bite).
remote < middle english remote
< middle french remot < latin remotus
(= remote, distant in place) < remotus, past participle of removeo
[inf. removere] (= move back, take
away) < re- (= back, again) + moveo
[inf. movere] (= to move).
remunerate < latin remuneratus,
past participle of remuneror [inf. remunerari]
(= repay, reward) < re- (= back, again) + muneror [inf. munerari] (= give) (< munus [gen. muneris] (= gift, duty)).
Renaissance < french renaissance
[des letters] (= rebirth [of letters]) <
old french renaissance (= rebirth) < renastre
(= be reborn) < vulgar latin
*renasco
[inf. renascere] < latin renascor [inf. renasci] (= be born again)
< re- (= back, again) + nascor [inf. nasci] (= be born).
renal < french rénal
< late latin renalis (= of kidneys) < latin ren
[gen. renis, plural renes] (= kidney).
rend < old english (h)rendan (= to tear, cut down) < proto-west germanic *rendan.
render < middle english render
< old french rendre
(= give back, present) < vulgar
latin *rendo [inf. rendere] < latin reddo
[inf. reddere] (= give back, restore) < re(d)- (= back, again) + do
[inf. dare] (= give).
rendezvous < middle french rendez-vous
(= present yourselves) < rendez,
plural imperative of rendre (= give back, present) (< vulgar latin *rendo
[inf. rendere] < latin reddo [inf. reddere] (= give back, restore)
< re(d)- (= back, again) + do [inf. dare] (= give)) + vous (= you) [plural] (<
latin vos (= you) [plural]).
renegade < (?) spanish renegado
(= apostate, Christian turned Muslim)
< medieval latin renegatus < renegatus, past
participle of renego [inf. renegare] (= deny) < latin [prefix] re- (= back, again) + nego
[inf. negare] (= refuse).
renege < medieval latin renego
[inf. renegare] (= deny) < latin
[prefix] re- (= back, again) + nego [inf. negare] (= refuse).
rent < middle english rent
< old french rente
(= profit, income) < vulgar
latin *rendita, female past participle of * rendo [inf. rendere] < latin reddo [inf. reddere] (= give back, restore)
< re(d)- (= back, again) + do [inf. dare] (= give).
repair < middle english repair
< old french reparer (= repair, mend) < latin reparo
[inf. reparare] (= restore) < re- (= back, again) + paro
[inf. parare] (= prepare).
repast < middle english repast
< old french repast (= meal, food) < late latin repastus
(= meal) < latin re-
(= nack, again) + pasco [inf. pascere]
(= to graze).
repeat < middle english repeat
< old french repeter
(= do again, get back) < latin
repeto
[inf. repetere] (= do again, attack
again) < re- (= back, again) + peto
[inf. petere] (= go to, attack).
repel < middle english repel
< old french repeller
< latin repello [inf. repellere] (= drive back)
< re- (= back, again) + pello [inf. pellere] (= to drive, strike).
repent < middle english repent
< old french repentir
< [prefix] re- (< latin
re-
(= back, again)) + vulgar latin *penitio [inf. penitire] (= to regret) (<
latin poenitio [inf. poenitire]
(= make sorry) < poena
(= punishment) < ancient greek
ποινή
| poenē (= penalty)).
repertory < late latin repertorium
(= inventory, list) < latin
repertus,
past participle of reperio [inf. reperire]
(= find, invent) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + old latin pario [inf. parire] (= produce, bring forth).
replica < italian replica
(= copy, repetition) < replicare
(= duplicate) < latin replico
[inf. replicare] (= fold back,
repeat) < re- (= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare] (= to fold).
replication < middle english replication
< anglo-french replicacioun
/ old french replicacion (= reply) < latin replicatio
(= a reply, repetition) < replico [inf. replicare] (= fold back,
repeat) < re- (= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare] (= to fold).
reply < middle english reply
< old french replier
(= to reply) < latin replico
[inf. replicare] (= fold back,
repeat) < re- (= back, again) + plico
[inf. plicare] (= to fold).
repo < american english repo,
a shortening of 1. middle english
repossess (= reoccupy) < re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + possess (= occupy) or 2. repossession < re-
(< latin re-
(= back, again)) + middle english
possession (= occupation) (< old
french possession < latin possessio < possideo
[inf. possidere] (= have and hold) <
(?) potis
(= powerful) + sedeo [inf. sedere] (=
to sit)).
report < middle english report
< old french reporter
(= tell, relate) < latin
reporto
[inf. reportare] (= bring back,
report) < re- (= back, again) + porto [inf. portare] (= to carry).
repose < middle english repose
< middle french reposer < old french repauser < late latin repauso [inf. repausare] (= cause to rest)
< latin [prefix] re- (= back, again) + late
latin pauso [inf. pausare]
(= to pause) (< pausa
(= a stop) < ancient greek
παύσις
| pafsis (= a stopping) < παύω | pavō (= to stop)).
reprehend < middle english reprehend
< latin reprehendo [inf. reprehendere] (= hold back,
restrain) < re- (= back, again) + prehendo
[inf. prehendere] (= seize) (< prae-
(= before) + -hendo [inf. -hendere]
(= take)).
reptile < middle english reptile
< old french reptile < late latin reptile,
neuter of reptilis (= creping,
crawling) < reptus, past participle
of repo
[inf. repere] (= to crawl, creep).
republic < middle french république
< latin respublica
(= commonwealth, state, republic) < res publica (= public
interest) < res (= affair, matter,
thing) + publica, female of publicus (= public) (< old latin
poplicus
(= of the people) < populus
(= people)).
repute < middle english repute
< middle french reputer < latin reputo
[inf. reputare] (= count over, think
over) < re- (= bsck, again) + puto
[inf. putare] (= to judge, suppose,
believe).
request < middle english request
< old french requeste < vulgar latin *requaesita < latin requisita, female of requisitus
(= requested) < requiro
[inf. requirere] (= seek to know,
ask) < re- (= back, again) + quaero [inf. quaerere] (= ask, seek).
requiem < middle english requiem
< latin requiem,
accusative of requies (= rest, repose) [the
first word of the Mass for the Dead in the latin liturgy: Requiem æternam... (= Rest eternal...)] < [prefix] re- (= back, again) + quies
(= quiet).
require < middle english require
< old french requerre
(= seek, ask, demand) < vulgar
latin *requaro [inf. requaerere] < latin requiro [inf. requirere] (= seek to know, ask)
< re- (= back, again) +
quaero
[inf. quaerere] (= ask, seek).
rescue < middle english rescue
< old french rescorre (= protect, free) < [prefix] re- (< latin re-
(= back, again)) + escourre
(= discharge) < latin excuto
[inf. excutere] (= shake off, drive
away) < ex (= out) + quato
[inf. quatere] (= to shake).
resemble < middle english resemble
< old french resembler (= be like) < [prefix] re- (< latin re-
(= back, again)) + sembler
(= to seem, be like) (< latin simulo
[inf. simulare] (= make like,
imitate) < similis (= similar)).
resent < french ressentir
(= feel pain) < old french resentir
(= feel again) < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + sentir (= feel) (< latin sentio
[inf. sentire] (= feel)).
reserve < middle english reserve
< old french reserver (= set aside) < latin
reservo
[inf. reservare] (= keep back, save
up) < re- (= back, again) + servo
[inf. servare] (= keep, save,
protect).
reservoir < french réservoir
(= storehouse) < old french
reserver
(= set aside) < latin reservo [inf. reservare] (= keep back, save up) < re- (= back, again) + servo [inf. servare] (= keep, save, protect).
reside < middle english reside
< middle french resider
< latin resideo [inf. residere] (= sit down, settle)
< re- (= back, again) + sedeo [inf. sedere] (= to sit).
resign < middle english resign
< old french resigner
(= renounce) < latin resigno
[inf. resignare] (= check off,
cancel) < re- (= back, against) + signo
[inf. signare] (= to mark) (< latin signum
(= sign)).
resin < middle english resin
< old french resine (= gum, resin) < latin
resina
(= resin) < ancient greek
‘ρητίνη |
hrētinē (= resin of pine).
resist < middle english resist
< old french resister (= hold out
against) < latin resisto
[inf. resistere] (= stand back,
oppose) < re- (= back, against) + sisto
[inf. sistere] (= take a stand).
resolve < middle english resolve
< old french resolver < latin resolvo
[inf. resolvere] (= loosen, undo,
explain) < re- (= back, again) + solvo [inf. solvere] (= loosen, untie).
resonance < middle english resonance
< middle french resonance < latin resonantia (= echo) < resono [inf. resonare] (= to sound again) < re-
(= back, again) + sono [inf. sonare] (=
to sound).
resort < middle english resort
< old french resort
(= resource, aid, remedy) < resortir (= to resort) < re- (< latin re-
(= back, again)) + sortir (= go out) (< vulgar
latin *surctio [inf. surctire]
< latin surrectus, past participle of surgo
[inf. surgere] (= rise up)).
resource < french resourse
(= source, spring) < resourse, female past participle of old
french resourdre (= raise again)
< latin resurgo [inf. resurgere] (= rise again) < re- (= back, again) + surgo [inf. surgere] (= rise up)).
respect < middle french respecter
(= look back, respect) < latin
respecto
[inf. respectere] (= regard) < respicio
[inf. respicere] (= look back, regard) < re- (= back, again) + specio
[inf. specere] (= look at).
respond < middle english respounden
< old french respondere (= respond, correspond)
< latin respondeo [inf. respondere] (= respond, answer)
< re- (= back, again) + spondeo [inf. spondere] (= to pledge).
rest < middle english rest
< old french rester (= to remain) < latin resto
[inf. restare] (= stand back) < re- (= back, again) + sto
[inf. stare] (= to stand).
restaurant < french restaurant
< restaurant,
present participle of restaurer (= to restore, refresh) < old french restorer
< latin restauro
[inf. restaurare] (= repair, renew) < re-
(= back, again) + -stauro [inf. -staurare]
(= set up, restore).
restitution < middle english restitution
< old french restitucion / latin restitutio
(= a restoring) < restituo
[inf. restituere] (= set up again,
restore, rebuild) < re-
(= back, again) + statuo [inf. statuere]
(= set up).
restore < middle english restore
< old french restorer < latin restauro
[inf. restaurare] (= repair, renew) < re-
(= back, again) + -stauro [inf. -staurare]
(= set up).
restriction < middle english restriction
< middle french restriction
< late latin restrictio (= limitation) < latin restringo [inf. restringere] (= restrict, restrain) < re- (= back, again) + stringo
[inf. stringere] (= draw tight).
result < middle english result
< medieval latin resulto
[inf. resultare] (= to result) < latin
resulto
[inf. resultare] (= to rebound) < resilio
[inf. resilire] (= to rebound) < re- (= back, again) + salio
[inf. salere] (= to bound, jump).
resume < middle english resume
< middle french resumer
< latin resumo [inf. resumere] (= take again, assume again) < re- (= back, again) + sumo [inf. sumere] (= take, obtain, buy)
(< sub (= under) + emo [inf. emere] (= take, buy)).
resurrection < middle english resurrection
< anglo-french resurrectiun / old french
resurrection
< latin resurrectio (= a rising again from the dead) < resurgo [inf. resurgere] (= rise again) < re- (= back, again) + surgo [inf. surgere] (= rise up)).
retail < middle english retail
< old french retaillier
(= cut back, cut off, clip) < re- (<
latin re- (= back, again)) + taillier (= to cut, trim) (< late latin talio
[inf. taliare] (= to split) < latin talea (= rod, staff)).
retain < middle english retain
< old french retenir
(= hold back, keep, retain) <
latin retineo [inf. retinere]
(= hold back, restrain) <
re-
(= back, again) + teneo [inf. tenere]
(= hold).
retardation < middle english retardation
< latin retardatio
(= a delaying) < retardo
[inf. retardare] (= make slow, delay) < re- (= back, again) + tardo
[inf. tardare] (= to slow).
reticulate < latin reticulatus
(= having a net-like pattern) < reticulum
(= little net), a diminutive of rete (= net).
retina < middle english retina
< medieval latin retina < (?) vulgar latin
[tunica] *retina (= net-like [tunic]), [because retina of
the eye looks like a network of blood vessels] < latin rete
(= net).
retire < middle french retirer
(= to withdraw) < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + old
french tirer (= draw out, endure).
retort < old french retort
< latin retortus, past participle of retorquo
[inf. retorquere] (= turn back, twist
back) < re- (= back, again) + torquo
[inf. torquere] (= to twist).
retraction < middle english retraction
< latin retractio
(= a drawing back, refusal) < retracto
[inf. retractare] (= revoke, cancel) < re- (= back, again) + tracto
[inf. tractere] (= draw violently) (<
traho
[inf. trahere] (= to draw)).
retreat < middle english retreat
< old french retret
< retrere (= draw back)
< latin retraho [inf. retrahere] (= draw back, withdraw) < re- (= back, again) + traho [inf. trahere] (= to draw).
retrieve < middle english retreve
< middle french retreuver
(= find again, recover) < re- (< latin re- (= back, again)) + trouver
(= to find) (< (?) vulgar latin *tropo [inf. tropare]
(= to compose) < ancient greek
τρόπος
| tropos (= a turn, way, manner) <
τρέπω | trepō (= to turn)).
retro < french rétro
[1973] a shortening of retrograde (q.v.).
retrograde < middle english retrograde
< latin retrogradus (= going back) < retrogradior [inf. retrogradi] (= move backward) < retro- (= backward) + gradior
[inf. gradi] (= go, step) (< gradus
(= a step)).
return < middle english return
< old french retorner
(= turn back, return) < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + torner
(= to turn) (< latin torno
[inf. tornare] (= round off, turn on a lathe) < tornus
(= lathe) < ancient greek τόρνος | tornos
(= lathe)).
Reuters < german [Paul
Julius von] Reuter [founder of a telegraph office and pigeon post bureau in
Aachen (1849)].
revanchist < french revanchiste
< revanche (= revenge,
requital) < middle french revenche
< revenchier
(= take revenge) < re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + vengier
(= take revenge) (< latin vindico
[inf. vindicare] (= avenge, punish)).
reveal < middle english reveal
< old french reveler (= reveal) < latin revelo
[inf. revelare] (= reveal) < re- (= back, against) + velo
[inf. velare] (= to cover) (<
velum
(= a veil)).
reveille < french réveillez-[vous] (= awaken [you]!), imperative
plural of réveiller (= awaken, wake up) < middle french re- (< latin re-
(= back, again)) + eveiller (= wake up) (<
vulgar latin *exviligo [inf. exvigilare] (= be awake) < latin ex-
(= out) + vigilo [inf. vigilare]
(= be awake, keep watch) < vigil (= sleepless)).
revel < middle english revel
< old french reveler
/ rebeller
(= make merry, rebel) < latin
rebello
[inf. rebellare] (= to rebel, revolt) < re- (= back, against) + bello
[inf. bellare] (= wage war) (<
bellum
(= war)).
revenge < middle english revenge
< old french revengier < revenchier (= take
revenge) < [prefix] re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + vengier
(= take revenge) (< latin vindico
[inf. vindicare] (= avenge, punish)).
revenue < middle english revenue
< middle french revenue < revenir (= come back) < latin revenio
[inf. revenire] (= come back, return) < re- (= back, again) + venio
[inf. venire] (= come).
reverb < a shortening of middle english reverberation
< old french reverberacion
(= great flash of light) < medieval
latin reverberatio < reverbero [inf. reverberare] (= beat back, cause to rebound) < re- (= back, again) + verbero [inf. verberare] (= to strike, to beat) (< verber
(= whip, lash)).
revere < french révérer < latin revereor
[inf. revereri] (= revere, fear) < [prefix] re- (= back, again) + vereor
[inf. vereri] (= fear, respect).
reverend < middle english reverend
< middle french reverend < latin reverendus (= that to be respected),
gerundive of revereor [inf. revereri]
(= revere, fear) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + vereor [inf. vereri]
(= fear, respect).
reverse < middle english reverse
< old french reverser
(= turn around, reverse) < late
latin reverso [inf. reversare]
(= turn back) < latin reverto [inf. revertere] (= turn back, return)
< re- (= back, again) + verto [inf. vertere] (= to turn).
revert < middle english revert
< old french revertir
(= change back, return) < vulgar
latin *revertio [inf. revertire]
(= revert) < latin reverto [inf. revertere] (= turn back, return)
< re- (= back, again) + verto [inf. vertere] (= to turn).
revise < middle french reviser
< latin reviso
[inf. revisere] (= look at again) <
revideo
[inf. revidere] (= look at) < re- (= back, again) + video
[inf. videre] (= see).
revive < middle english revive
< middle french revivre
< latin revivo
[inf. revivere] (= live again) < re- (= back, again) + vivo
[inf. vivere] (= to live).
revoke < middle english revoke
< old french revoquer < latin revoco [inf. revocare] (= call back) <
re-
(= back, again) + voco [inf. vocare] (=
to call).
revolt < middle french revolter
< italian rivoltare
(= overturn) < vulgar latin
*revolvito
[inf. revolvitare] (= overthrow) <
latin revolvo [inf. revolvere]
(= roll back, return, repeat) < re-
(= back, again) + volvo [inf. volvere]
(= to roll).
revolution < middle english revolution
< old french revolucion / late latin revolutio
(= a revolving) < latin
revolvo
[inf. revolvere] (= roll back,
return, repeat) < re-
(= back, again) + volvo [inf. volvere]
(= to roll).
revolve < middle english revolve
(= to change direction, bend around,
turn (the eyes) back) < old
french revolver < latin revolvo [inf. revolvere] (= roll back, return, repeat) < re- (= back, again) + volvo
[inf. volvere] (= to roll).
revue < french revue < middle french revue
(= survey) < revoir (= see again) <
latin revideo [inf. revidere]
(= look again) < re-
(= back, again) + video [inf. videre]
(= see).
revulsion < middle french revulsion
/ latin revulsio (= a tearing
off) < revello [inf. revellere]
(= pull away) < re-
(= back, against) + vello [inf. vellere]
(= to tear, pull).
reward < middle english reward
< old french rewarder
(= to regard, reward) < [prefix] re-
(< latin re- (= back, again)) + warder
(= look, watch) ( < proto-germanic *wardon (= to guard)).
Reykjavik < old norse
Reykjavik
(= bay of smoke) [so called from the many hot springs being there] < reykja (= to smoke) + vik
(= bay).
Reynard < middle english Reynald
< old french Renart / Reynard [name of a fox] < old high german Reginhart
(= counsel-brave).
Reynold < old french
Reinald
< old high german Reginald
(= counsel-strong).
rhapsody < middle french rhapsodie < latin rhapsodia < ancient greek ‘ραψωδία
| hrapsōdia (= recitation
of epic poetry) < ‘ραψωδός
| hrapsōdos (= reciter of
epic poems) < ‘ράπτω | hraptō
(= to sew, weave) + ωιδή | ōidē (= song, ode).
rhesus < modern latin rhesus
< latin Rhesus < ancient greek ‘Ρήσος | hRēsos, a king of Thrace.
rhetoric < middle english rhetoric
< old french rethorique < latin rhetorice < ancient greek ‘ρητορική [τέχνη] | hrētorikē [tekhnē] (= rhetoric [art]) < ‘ρητορική, female of ‘ρητορικός (= rhetoric) < ‘ρήτωρ | hrētōr (= orator).
rheumatic < middle english rheumatic
< old french reumatique < latin rheumaticus < ancient greek
‘ρευματικός | hrevmatikos (= of a current) < ‘ρεύμα | hrevma (= a current, discharge
from the body) < ‘ρέω | hreō (= to flow).
Rhine < german Rhein < middle high german Rin
< gaulish Renos (= that which flows) < I.E.
*rei-
(= to run, flow).
rhinoceros < middle english rhinoceros
< latin rhinoceros < ancient greek ‘ρινόκερως | hrinokerōs <
‘ρις
| hris [gen. ‘ρινός |
hrinos] (= nose) + κέρας
| keras (= horn).
Rhodes < ancient greek ‘Ρόδος
| hRodos < (?) 'ρόδον
| hrodon (= rose).
rhomb(us) <
late latin rhombus < ancient greek ‘ρόμβος | hrombos (= rhomb, lozenge).
rhonchus < ancient greek ‘ρέγχος
| hregkhos (= a snoring, snorting) < ‘ρέγχω | hregkhō (= to snore, snort) <
imitative origin.
rhubarb < middle english rhubarb
< old french rubarbe < medieval latin rheubarbarum < ancient greek ‘ρα
βάρβαρον | hra
barbaron (= foreign rhubarb) <
‘ρα
| hra (= rhubarb) + βάρβαρον
| barbaron, neuter of βάρβαρος
| barbaros (= foreign).
rhyme < middle english ryme
/ ryme
< old french rime
< *ritme < latin
rithmus < ancient greek ‘ρυθμός
| hrythmos (= rhythm, arrangement).
rhythm < latin rhythmus
< ancient greek ‘ρυθμός
| hrythmos (= rhythm,
arrangement).
rib < old english ribb
(= rib) < proto-germanic
*rebjan
< I.E. *rebh-
(= to roof, cover).
ribald < middle english ribald
< ribaud < old french ribalt
/ ribaut
(= rogue, scoundrel, lewd lover) < (?) riber (= be wanton, sleep around) < germanic source.
ribbon < middle english ribane < old french riban
(= ribbon) < ruban < (?) germanic source.
rice < middle english
rice
< italian riso < latin oriza
< ancient greek όρυζα | oryza (= rice) < indo-iranian source [cf. pashto vrize]
< sanskrit vrihi-s (= rice).
rich < old english rice
(= strong, great, wealthy) < proto-germanic
*rikijaz
{> old norse rikr, swedish rik, danish rig,
dutch rijk, gothic reiks, german reich} < celtic source < I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line, lead, rule).
Richard < middle english
Rycharde < old french Richard < old high german Ricohard
< proto-germanic *rik-
(= ruler) + *harthu (= hard).
Richter scale < [Charles Francis] Richter, American seismologist.
rick < old english hreac
(= stack of hay or straw) < proto-germanic
*khraukaz.
rickshaw < a shortening of japanese
jinrikisha
< jin (= a man) + riki
(= power) + sha (= carriage).
ricochet < french ricochet
(= the skipping of a shot, the
skipping of a stone on water).
rid < middle english rid
(= clear, set free, save) < scandinavian source < proto-germanic *reudijan.
riddle (= a word game) <
middle english riddle < old english rædels
(= riddle, counsel, imagination, discussion) < germanic origin.
riddle (= coarse sieve) < middle english riddle
< old english hriddel < hridder < proto-germanic *hrida-.
ride < old english ridan
(= be carried on, move forward, float, sail) < proto-germanic *ridan < I.E. *reidh-
(= to ride).
ridge < old english hrycg
(= back of a man) < (?) old norse hryggr (= back, ridge) < proto-germanic *hruggin.
ridiculous < ridyculouse
< latin ridiculus (= laughable, funny) < rideo [inf. ridere] (= to laugh).
rife < old english rife
(= common, abundant, prevalent) < proto-germanic
*rif-.
riff < (?) a shortening of riffle
(= make choppy water) < (?) ruffle (= make rough).
rifle < rifled
[pistol] < rifle (q.v.).
rifle < middle english rifle
< old french rifler (= scratch, strip, plunder) <
(?) germanic source.
rift < middle english rift
(= a split, act of splitting) < scandinavian source.
rig < middle english rig
(= to fit with sails) < (?) scandinavian
source.
rigatoni < italian rigatoni,
plural of rigato, past participle of rigare (= draw a line) < riga (= line) < proto-germanic *rigon-.
right < old
english riht (= just, good, fair, proper) < proto-germanic *rehtan {> old norse
rettr, dutch recht, gothic raihts, german
recht} < I.E. *reg-
(= move in a straight line, rule, lead).
rigor < middle english rigor
< old french rigor (= strength, hardness) < latin rigor
(= numbness, stiffness, hardness) < rigeo [inf. rigere] (= be stiff).
rim < old english rima
(= edge, border, coast).
rime < old english hrim < proto-germanic *khrima-.
rind < old english rinde
(= bark, crust) < proto-germanic
*rind-.
ring (= circular band) < old english
hring
(= small circlet) < proto-germanic
*hringaz
(= curved, circle).
ring (= sound a bell)
< old english hringan (= sound, announce by bells) < proto-germanic *khrengan
< (?) imitative origin.
rink < middle english rink
< old french renc / reng (= row, line) < proto-germanic *hringaz
(= curved, circle).
rinse < middle english rinse
< old french reincier (= to wash, cleanse) < (?) recincier < vulgar latin *recentio [inf. recentiare] (= make fresh, wash)
< late latin recento [inf. recentare] (= make fresh)
< latin recens [gen. recentis] (= new, fresh).
Rio de Janeiro < italian Rio
de Janeiro (= River of January) [named by Amerigo Vespucci, Italian
explorer, because he discovered it on 1 January 1502] < latin rivus
(= brook, stream) + de (= of, from) + Januarius [mensis] (= [month] of Janus) < Janus, a Roman god, having
two faces (cf. January).
riot < middle english riot
< old french riote
(= dispute, quarrel, argument) <
(?) latin rugio [inf. rugire] (= to roar).
rip < middle english rip
(= tear apart) < (?) proto-germanic
*rupjan-.
ripe < old english ripe
(= fit for eating, mature) < west
germanic *ripijaz.
rise < old english risan
(= to rise, rise from sleep, stand up) <
proto-germanic *us-risanan (= go up).
risible < middle french risible
< late latin risibilis (= laughable) < latin risus,
past participle of rideo [inf. ridere]
(= to laugh).
risk < risque
< french risque < italian risc(i)o < riscare
(= run into danger).
risotto < italian risotto < riso (= rice) < latin
oriza
< ancient greek όρυζα | oryza (= rice) < indo-iranian source [cf. pashto vrize]
< sanskrit vrihi-s (= rice).
rite < middle english rite
< latin ritus (= religious ceremony, custom).
ritual < middle french ritual
/ latin ritualis (= relating to rites) < ritus (= religious ceremony, custom).
rival < latin rivalis
(= rival, adversary in love, neighbor) <
rivus
(= brook).
river < middle english river
< anglo-french rivere / old french riviere
(= river, riverside, river bank) <
vulgar latin *riparia (= riverbank, seashore,
river) {> italian riviera, spanish
ribera} < latin riparia, female of riparius
(= of a riverbank) < ripa (= riverbank).
rivet < middle english rivet
< old french rivet (= nail, rivet) < old french river
(= to clench, fasten) < (?) middle dutch wriven (= turn, grind).
rivulet < italian rivoletto,
a diminutive of rivolo, a diminutive of rivo (= brook) < latin rivus (= stream, brook).
RNA < [1948] an abbreviation of ribonucleic
acid < ribose
+ nucleic
acid.
road < old english rad
(= journey, riding expedition) < proto-germanic
*raido
< I.E. *reidh-
(= to ride).
roam < middle english romen
< (?) old english *ramian (= act of wandering about).
roan < middle french roan
(= reddish brown) < (?) spanish roano < old spanish raudano < I.E. *reudh-
(= red, ruddy).
roar < old english rarian
(= roar, lament, cry) < (?) imitative
origin.
roast < middle english roast
< old french rostir
(= to roast, burn) < frankish
*hraustjan.
rob < middle english rob <
old french rober (= rob, steal) < west germanic *rauba
(= booty).
robe < middle english robe
< old french robe < west germanic *raubo (= booty).
Robert < old french Robert
< old high german Hrodberht < hrod- (= fame, glory) +
*berht
(= bright).
Robin < old french Robin,
a diminutive of Robert (q.v.).
robot < czech robotnik
(= forced worker) [used by Czech
writer Karel Capek in his novel R.U.R. (= Rossum’s Universal Robots) [1920],
but coined by his brother, Joseph] <
robota
(= forced labor) < robotiti
(= to work).
robust < middle french robuste
< latin robustus (= strong and hardy) < robur / robus
(= hard timber, strength, a kind of oak) <
ruber
(= red).
rock (= stone) < middle english rock
< old english rocc < old french roque
< vulgar latin *rocca
(= stone).
rock (= to sway) < old
english roccian (= move a child gently).
rock (= rock music) <
[1957] a shortening of rock and roll / rock 'n'
roll,
a kind of music with strong beat [from an african-american euphemism
for sexual intercourse].
rocket (plant) < middle french roquette
< italian rochetta,
a diminutive of ruca, a kind of cabbage
< latin eruca (= cabbage, colewort).
rocket (= projectile) < italian rocchetto
(= rocket), a diminutive of rocca (= distaff) [so called for its
cylindrical shape like the root of this plant] < proto-germanic *rukkon-.
rococo < french rococo
< rocaille
(= shellwork, pebble-work) [(?) so called for the excess use of shell designs
in this style] < middle french roche (= rock) < vulgar latin *rocca
(= stone).
rod < old english rodd
(= rod, pole) < (?) proto-germanic
*rudd-
(= stick, club).
rodent < modern latin rodentia,
the name of this animal order < latin rodens
[rodentis], present
participle of rodo [inf. rodere] (=
to gnaw).
rodeo < spanish rodeo
(= pen for cattle at a fair) < rodear (= go round,
surround), related to rodare (= revolve, roll) < latin roto
[inf. rotare] (= go around) < rota
(= wheel).
Roderick < old high german Hroderich
< hruod- (= fame, glory) + proto-germanic
*rikja
(= rule).
roe (= fish eggs) < middle english roe <
(?) old english *hrogn < proto-germanic *khrugna.
roe (= small deer)
< old english ra < raha < proto-germanic
*raikhaz.
roentgen < german
[Wilhem Conrad] Röntgen, physicist [who
discovered X-rays (1895)].
rogation < middle english rogation
< latin rogatio
(= an asking, prayer) < rogo
[inf. rogare] (= to ask, inquire,
question).
Roger < old french Rogier < old high german Hrotger
< hruod- (= fame, glory) + ger
(= spear).
rogue < (?) a shortening of roger
[slang] < (?) latin rogo [inf. rogare] (= to ask, question).
Roland < french Roland
< old high german Hrodland < hruod- (= fame, glory) + land.
role < french rôle
(= roll of paper on which an actor’s part is written) < old french rolle (= document, parchment scroll)
< medieval latin rotulus
(= a roll of paper) < latin rotula
(= small wheel), a diminutive of rota (= wheel).
Rolf < old norse Hrolfr,
related to old high german Hrodulf < hruod- (= fame, glory) + wolf.
roll < middle english roll
(= rolled-up piece of paper) < old french rolle
(= document, parchment scroll) < medieval
latin rotulus (= a roll of paper) <
latin rotula (= small wheel), a diminutive of rota (= wheel).
Rom (= male gypsy) <
romany rom (= man, husband,
Gypsy) [plural roma] < sanskrit domba-s
(= male member of a low caste
of musicians).
Roman < old english Roman
< latin Romanus (= of Rome, Roman) < Roma (= Rome).
romance < middle english romance
< old french romanz
(= verse narrative) < vulgar
latin *romanice [scribere] (= [to write] in a Romance
language) [as opposed to classical latin writing] < latin Romanicus
(= of Roman style) < Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) < Roma
(= Rome).
Romania < latin Romani
(= people from Rome) [used to describe the Roman colonists in this country]
< Romani,
plural of Romanus (= of Rome, Roman)
< Roma (= Rome).
romantic < french romantique < middle french romant
(= a romance) < old french romanz (= verse narrative) < vulgar latin *romanice [scribere] (= [to write] in a Romance language) [as opposed to classical latin writing] < latin Romanicus
(= of Roman style) < Romanus
(= of Rome, Roman) < Roma
(= Rome).
Romany (= Gypsy) < romani, female of romano
(= Gypsy) < romany rom (= man, husband, Gypsy) [plural roma] < sanskrit domba-s
(= male member of a low caste
of musicians).
Rome < old
english Rome < old french Rome < latin Roma < (?) etruscan origin.
Ronald < old norse Rögnvaldr
< rögn (= gods), plural of regin
(= decree) + valdr (= ruler).
rood < old english rod
(= pole) < proto-germanic
*rod-.
roof < old english hrof
(= roof, ceiling, top sky) < proto-germanic *khrofam.
rook (= crow) < old
english hroc < proto-germanic
*khrokaz
< (?) imitative origin.
rook (chess piece) <
middle english rook < old french roc < arabic rukhkh < persian rukh
< (?) related to hindi rath (= chariot).
rookie < (?) recruit [by influence of rook (= easy to cheat)] < recrew
/ recrue
< french recrute < recreue (= a supply, a
levy of troops) < recrue (= a levy, a recruit) < old french recreu,
past participle of recreistre (= grow again)
< re- (< latin
re- (= back, again)) + creistre
(= to grow) (< latin cresco [inf. crescere] (= to grow)).
room < old english rum
(= space) < proto-germanic
*ruman
< *ruma- (= roomy, spacious)
< I.E. *reue-(1) (= to open,
space).
roost < old english hrost
(= wooden framework of roof, perch) <
proto-germanic *hro(d)-st-.
rooster < roost
[cock] < old english hrost (= perch) < proto-germanic *hro(d)-st-.
root < old english rot < proto-germanic *wrot
< I.E. *wrād-
(= branch, root).
rope < old english rap
(= rope, cord, cable) < proto-germanic
*raipaz.
Rosa < latin Rosa
< rosa
(= rose).
rosary < middle english rosary
< medieval latin rosarium (= string of beads, series
of prayers) < latin rosarium
(= rose garden) < rosarium,
neuter of rosarius (= of roses)
< rosa (= rose).
rose < old
english rose < latin
rosa
{> spanish rosa, italian rosa, french rose,
irish ros, welsh rhosyn, swedish ros, dutch roos, german
Rose, serbo-croatian ruža, hungarian rozsa, polish
róża, lithuanian rožė, russian roza} < ancient greek
‘ρόδον
| hrodon (= rose).
rosemary < middle english rosemary
[by influence of rose and Mary] < rosmarine < latin rosmarinus
< ros (= dew) + marinus
(= of the sea) (< mare (= sea)).
rostrum < latin rostrum
(= beak, muzzle, the platform stand for public speakers [in Rome, decorated
with beaks of ships]) < rodo [inf. rodere] (= to gnaw).
rot < old english rotian
(= to decay, putrefy) < proto-germanic
*rutjan.
rotary < medieval latin rotarius
(= pertaining to wheels) < latin
rota
(= wheel).
rotisserie < french rôtisserie
< rôtir (= to roast) < old french rostir
(= to roast, burn) < frankish
*hraustjan.
rotor < a shortening of rotator
< latin roto [inf. rotare] (= turn round, roll).
rotund < latin rotundus
(= rolling, circular, spherical) <
rota
(= wheel).
rotunda < italian rotonda
< rotunda, female of rotundus
(= rolling, circular, spherical) <
rota
(= wheel).
rouge < french rouge
(= red coloring matter) < latin
rubeus
(= red).
rough < old english ruh
(= rough, coarse, shaggy) < west
germanic *rukhwaz (= shaggy, hairy, rough) < proto-germanic *rukhaz.
roulette < french roulette
< old french roelete
(= little wheel) < late latin rotella (= small wheel)
< a diminutive of latin rota (= wheel).
round < middle english round
< anglo-french rounde / old french roont
< vulgar latin *retundus < latin rotundus (= rolling, circular,
spherical) < rota (= wheel).
rout < middle french route
(= disorderly flight of troops) < vulgar
latin *rupta (= a dispersed group) <
latin rupta, female past participle of rumpo [inf. rumpere] (= to break).
route < middle english route
< old french rute (= road, way, path) < latin rupta
[via] (= [road] opened by force) < rupta, female past
participle of rumpo [inf. rumpere] (=
to break).
router < rout (= poke about,
rummage) < root (= dig with a snout) <
old english wrotan (= root up) < proto-germanic
*wrot
< I.E. *wrād-
(= branch, root).
routine < french routine
(= usual course of action, beaten path) <
rute
(= road, way, path) < latin
rupta
[via] (= [road] opened by force) < rupta, female past
participle of rumpo [inf. rumpere] (=
to break).
rover < middle english rover
< middle dutch rover (= robber, plunderer, pirate) < roven (= to rob) < middle dutch roof
(= spoil, plunder).
row < old
english ræw (= line, hedge-row, succession) < (?) proto-germanic
*rai(h)waz.
Roxanne < french Roxanne
[by influence of Anne] < latin Roxane < ancient greek ‘Ρωξάνη
| hRōxanē [the wife of
Alexander the great] < persian origin.
royal < middle english royal
< old french roial (= royal, regal) < latin regalis
(= of a king, kingly) < rex
[gen. regis] (= king).
rub < middle english rub,
(?) related to frisian rubben (= to scratch, rub), low
german rubbeling (= rough).
rubbish < middle english robous
< anglo-french rubouses.
ruble < french rouble < russian rubl’
< (?) old russian rubiti (= to chop, cut) < proto-slavic
*rub- < I.E. *reub-
/ *reup-
(= to snatch).
rubric < middle english rubric
< old french rubrique / rubriche (= rubric,
title) < latin rubrica
(= red ochre) < ruber (= red) < I.E. *reudh- (= red).
ruby < middle english ruby
< old french rubi < medieval latin rubinus [lapis] (= red [stone]) <
latin rubeus (= red) < I.E.
*reudh-
(= red).
rudder < middle english rother < old english roðor
(= paddle, oar) < proto-germanic
*rothru-.
rude < middle english rude
< old french ruide / latin rudis
(= rough, crude).
rudiment < middle french rudiment
/ latin rudimentum (= early training, first experience, beginning) < rudis (= unlearned,
untrained).
Rudolph < german Rudolf
< old high german Hrodulf < hruod- (= fame, glory) + wolf.
ruffian < middle french rufian
(= pimp) < italian ruffiano
(= pander, pimp).
ruffle < middle english ruffle
< (?) 1. old norse hrufla (= to scratch) or 2. low
german ruffelen (= to wrinkle).
rufous < latin rufus
(= red, reddish, red-haired) < I.E.
*reudh- (= red).
Rufus < latin rufus
(= red, reddish, red-haired) < I.E.
*reudh- (= red).
rugby < Rugby,
a city in Warwickshire of England < Rocheberie < (?) *Hroca,
name of a man + old english burh (= village).
rugged < middle english rugged
(= rough, shaggy) < old norse rogg
(= shaggy tuft).
ruin < middle english ruin
< old french ruine (= collapse) < latin
ruina
(= collapse, a rushing down).
rule < middle english rule
< old french riuler (= impose rule) < latin regulo
[inf. regulare] (= to rule, direct) < latin regula
(= rule, straight piece of wood) <
I.E. *reg- (= move in a straight line, to lead, rule).
ruminant < latin ruminans
[gen. ruminantis], present participle
of rumino
[inf. ruminare] (= to chew the cud) < rumen [gen. ruminis] (= gullet, throat).
ruminate < latin ruminatus,
past participle of rumino [inf. ruminare]
(= to chew the cud, turn over in the mind)
< rumen [gen. ruminis]
(= gullet, throat).
rummage < 1. a shortening of middle
french arrumage (= arrangement of cargo) < arrumer (= to stow goods in the hold of a ship) or 2. room + [suffix] -age.
rumor < middle english rumor
< old french rumor (= commotion) < latin rumor
(= noise, common talk).
rumple < (?) middle english rimple
(= to wrinkle) < old english
hrympel
(= wrinkle).
run < a merger of 1. rinnan / irnan
(= to run, flow) + 2. ærnan / earnan (= ride, run to,
reach) < proto-germanic
*rannjanan,
causative of *ren- (= to run).
rune < old english run(e)
(= secret, mystery, runic letter) <
proto-germanic *runo.
rung < old english hrung
(= rod, bar) < proto-germanic
*khrungo.
runnel < middle english ryneil (= rivulet) < old english rinelle, rynel, a diminutive of ryne
(= a stream).
rupee < hindi / urdu rupiyah < sanskrit rupyah
(= wrought silver) < rupah
(= shape, image).
Rupert < (?) a blend
of 1. german Ruprecht + 2. english Robert.
rupture < middle english rupture
< latin ruptura
(= a breaking, fracture) < rumpo
[inf. rumpere] (= to break).
rural < middle english rural
< old french rural
< latin ruralis
(= of the country, rural) < rus
[gen. ruris] (= open land, country).
ruse < middle english
ruse
< 1. old french
r(e)use (= diversion, trick, jest) <
reuser
(= to dodge, retreat, cheat) < latin
recuso
[inf. recusare] (= deny, reject,
oppose) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + causor [inf. causari]
(= plead as a reason) < causa
(= reason, cause) or 2. latin rursus (= backwards).
rush (= bulrush) < old
english resc < risc < proto-germanic *rusk-.
rush (= hurry) < middle english rush < anglo-french russher < old french reuser
(= to dodge, retreat, cheat) < latin
recuso
[inf. recusare] (= deny, reject,
oppose) < [prefix] re-
(= back, again) + causor [inf. causari]
(= plead as a reason) < causa
(= reason, cause).
rusk < spanish / portuguese
rosca
(= coil, roll, twist of bread) < (?) iberian word.
Russell < old french rousel,
a diminutive of rous (= red) < latin
russus
(= red) < I.E. *reudh-
(= red).
russet < middle english russet
< old french rousset < rosset (= reddish), a diminutive of ro(u)s (= red) < latin russus (= red) < I.E. *reudh- (= red).
Russia < medieval latin Russi
(= the people of Russia) < Rus,
the native name < (?) finnish Ruotsi
< old norse Roþrslandi
(= the land of rowing) < old norse roðr
(= steering oar) < proto-germanic
*rothra-
(= rudder).
rust < old english rust
(= rust, moral canker) < proto-germanic
*rusta-
< I.E. *reudh-
(= red).
rustic < middle english rustic
< latin rusticus
(= of the country, rural) < rus
[gen. ruris] (= open land, country).
rut (= narrow track) <
(?) middle english route < old french rute (= road, way, path) < latin rupta
[via] (= [road] opened by force) < rupta, female past
participle of rumpo [inf. rumpere] (=
to break).
rut (= animal mating
season) < middle english rut < old french ru(i)t < late latin rugitus (= a bellowing, a roaring) < latin rugio
[inf. rugire] (= to bellow).
ruth < middle english ruthe < old norse hryggð
(= ruth, sorrow) < hryggr
(= sorrowful).
Ruth < hebrew Ruth
< (?) reuth (= companion, friend, fellow woman).
rye < old english ryge < proto-germanic *ruig
< a I.E. *wrughyo-
(= rye).
