..proper names

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Ian < scottish Ian < middle english Jan / Jon (= John) < old french Jan / Jean / Je(h)an < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Inca < spanish Inga < quechea Inca (= lord, king).

India < old english India / Indea < latin India < ancient greek Ινδία | Indhia < Ινδός | Indhos (= Indus [river], an Indian) < old persian Hindu [the province of Sind] < sanskrit sindhu (= river).

Innuit < inupiaq [of Eskimo] inuit (= the people), plural of inuk (= man, person).

Iran < persian Iran < middle persian Ērān, genitive plural of Ēr- (= an Iranian) < old iranian *arya- (= Iranian) < indo-iranian *arya- (= (?) compatriot).

Iraq < (?) 1. arabic ‘araqa (= deeply rooted, well-watered) or 2. sumerian Uruk, an ancient town < uru (= city).

Ireland < middle english Ireland < old english Iras (= inhabitant of Ireland) (< old norse irar < old irish Eriu (= Erin) < old celtic *Iveriu) + old english land / lond (= ground, soil, territory) (< proto-germanic *landja-).

Irene < french Irène < latin Irene < ancient greek Ειρήνη | Oerēnē (= peace).

Irish < middle english Irish < old english Iras (= inhabitant of Ireland) < old norse irar < old irish Eriu (= Erin) < old celtic *Iveriu.

Irma < german Erma < Ermendrud < ermen (= whole) + thrud (= strength).

Irvin < Irvine / Irving (= green water).

Irwin < old english Eoforwine < eofor (= boar) + wine (= friend).

Isaac < late latin Isaac < ancient greek Ισαάκ | Isaak < hebrew Yitzhaq (= he laughs).

Isabel < provençal Isabel < late latin Elizabeth < ancient greek Ελισάβετ | Elisabhet < hebrew Elishebha (= God is abundant / God is an oath).

Isaiah < hebrew Yesha’yah(u) < yesh(u)a (= salvation) + Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God).

Istanbul < turkish Istanbul < medieval greek εις την Πόλιν | oes tēn Polin (= to the City [= Constantinou-polis]) < ancient greek εις | oes (= in, to) + την | tēn (= [female] the) + πόλιν | polin, accusative of πόλις | polis (= city).

Italy < latin Italia < 1. old latin Vitalia (= land of cattles) < vitulus (= calf) or 2. illyrian source.

Ivan < russian Ivan (= John) < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Jack < middle english Jack < 1. (?) anglo-french Jake, Jaikes < old french Jacques < a diminutive of late latin Iacobus < ancient greek Ιάκωβος | Iakōbhos < hebrew Ya’aqobh (= one that takes by the heel, a supplanter) a derivative of ‘aqebh (= heel) or 2. John < Jan / Jon < old french Jan / Jean / Jehan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Jacob < middle english Jacob < late latin Iacobus < ancient greek Ιάκωβος | Iakōbhos < hebrew Ya’aqobh (= one that takes by the heel, a supplanter) a derivative of ‘aqebh (= heel).

Jake < a diminutive of middle english Jacob < late latin Iacobus < ancient greek Ιάκωβος | Iakōbhos < hebrew Ya’aqobh (= one that takes by the heel, a supplanter) a derivative of ‘aqebh (= heel).

Jamaica < arawakan xaymaca (= rich in springs).

James < middle english James < late latin Jacomus < latin Jacobus < ancient greek Ιάκωβος | Iakōbhos < hebrew Ya’aqobh (= one that takes by the heel, a supplanter) < ‘aqebh (= heel).

Jane < french Jeanne < old french Jehane < medieval latin Johanna, female of Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

January < middle english Ieneuer < old french Genever / old french Jenvier < latin Januarius [mensis] (= [month] of Janus) < Janus, a Roman god, having two faces, one in front and the other in back [to whom this month was sacred as the beginning of the year according to later Roman calendar].

Japan < portuguese Japao / dutch Japan < malay Japang < chinese jih pun (= sunrise) < jih (= sun) + pun (= origin).

Jason < 1. latin Jason < ancient greek Ιάσων | Iasōn < ιάομαι | iaomae [inf. ιάσθαι | iasthae] (= to heal) or 2. hebrew Yehoshua (= God is salvation).

Jasper < Caspar / Gaspar, one of the Three Kings < (?) persian origin.

Java < sanskrit Yavadvipa < yava (= barley) + dvipa (= island).

Jean < french Jean < Jeanne < old french Jehane < medieval latin Johanna, female of Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Jeffrey < old french Je(u)froi < Geuffroi < medieval latin Gaufridus < old high german gewi (= district) + fridu (= peace).

Jehovah < hebrew Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) < hawah (= the one who is, the existing) < hayah (= he was) [as transliteration of hebrew Tetragrammaton YHWH (the full name being too sacred for utterance), taken as the principal and personal name of God].

Jemmy < middle english James < late latin Jacomus < latin Jacobus < ancient greek Ιάκωβος | Iakōbhos < hebrew Ya’aqobh (= one that takes by the heel, a supplanter) < ‘aqebh (= heel).

Jennifer < welsh Gwenhwyvar < gwen (= fair, white) + (g)wyf (= smooth, yielding).

Jenny < Jane / Janey /Janet < 1. a shortening of Jennifer (q.v.) or 2. female of Jack (q.v.).

Jeremy < Jeremiah < late latin Jeremias < ancient greek Ιερεμίας | Ieremias < hebrew 1. Yirmeyah (= may Jehovah exalt) or 2. Yirmeyahu (= the Lord casts, the Lord founds).

Jericho < ancient greek Ιεριχώ | Ierichō < hebrew Yerihho < yareakh (= moon, month).

Jerome < french Jérome < late latin Hieronymus < ancient greek ‘Ιερώνυμος | ^hIerōnymos (= holy name) < ‘ιερός | ^hieros (= holy) + όνυμα | onyma (= name).

Jerry < Jeremy < Jeremiah < late latin Jeremias < ancient greek Ιερεμίας | Ieremias < hebrew 1. Yirmeyah (= may Jehovah exalt) or 2. Yirmeyahu (= the Lord casts, the Lord founds).

Jerusalem < ancient greek ‘Ιερουσαλήμ | ^hIerousalēm [by influence of ‘ιερός | ^hieros (= sacred)] < hebrew Yerushalayim (= foundation of peace) < yarah (= he threw, cast) + shalom (= peace).

Jesse < latin Jessae < ancient greek Ιεσσαί | Iessai < hebrew Yishay (= (?) gift).

Jessica < late latin Jesca < ancient greek Ιεσχά | Ieskha < hebrew Yiskah (= to behold).

Jesus < middle english Jesus < late latin Jesus < ancient greek Ιησούς | Iēsous < aramaic Jeshua /Joshua (= God is salvation) [hebrew Yeshua / Yoshua].

Jethro < hebrew Yithro < Yether (= abundance) < [stem] y-t-r (= to remain).

Jew < middle english Giw / Jeu < old french giu / anglo-french iuw < latin Judaeus < ancient greek Ιουδαίος | Ioudhaeos < aramaic jehudhai (= a Jew) < Y’hudah (= Judah).

Joan < middle english Joan / Jone < Jane / Jean < medieval latin Joanna, female of late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Joe < Joseph < late latin Joseph(us) < ancient greek Ιωσήφ | Iōsēph < hebrew Yoseph (= adds, increases) < yasaph (= he added).

John < middle english Jan / Jon < old french Jan / Jean / Jehan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Jonah / Jonas < late latin Jonas < ancient greek Ιωνάς | Iōnas < hebrew Yonah (= dove, pigeon).

Jonathan < ancient greek Ιωνάθαν | Iōnathan < hebrew Yonathan < Yehonathan (= the Lord has given).

Jones < middle english Jan / Jon < old french Jan / Jean / Jehan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Jordan < ancient greek Ιορδάνης | Iordhanēs < hebrew Yarden (= a flow, discharge) < yarad (= go down).

Jose < spanish José < late latin Joseph(us) < ancient greek Ιωσήφ | Iōsēph < hebrew Yoseph (= he adds, increases) < yasaph (= he added).

Joseph < late latin Joseph(us) < ancient greek Ιωσήφ | Iōsēph < hebrew Yoseph (= he adds, increases) < yasaph (= he added).

Joshua < late latin Jeshua / Joshua < hebrew Yehoshua (= Lord is salvation). [Joshua-tree, (?) so called because its shape compared to biblical pictures of Joshua brandishing a spear].

Joyce < Josse / Goce < celtic origin.

Juan < spanish Juan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Judah < hebrew Yehudah < [stem] y-d-h (= praised).

Judas < latin Judas < ancient greek Ιούδας | Ioudhas < hebrew Yehudha (= son of Judah) < Yehudah (= Judah) < [stem] y-d-h (= praised).

Jude < Judah < hebrew Yehudah < [stem] y-d-h (= praised).

Judith < latin Judith < ancient greek Ιουδήθ | Ioudhēth < hebrew Yehudith, female of Yehudha (= son of Judah) < Yehudah (= Judah) < [stem] y-d-h (= praised).

Julius < latin Julius.

July < middle english Iulius < anglo-french Julie / old french Juil / Jule < latin Julius [mensis] (= [month] of Julius) < [Gaius] Julius [Caesar] (in honor of this emperor, who was born in this month).

June < middle english Jun(e) / Juin < latin Junius [mensis] (= [month] of Juno) < Juno, a goddess.

Jupiter < middle english Jup(p)iter < latin Jupeter / Jupiter / Juppiter (= Jove), chief of the Roman gods) < I.E. *dyeu-peter- (= god-father) < *deiw-os (= god) (< *dyeu- (= to shine)) + peter (= father).

Justin < latin Justinus < justus (= righteous, lawful) < jus [gen. juris] (= right, law).

Karen < danish Karen < a shortening of Katherine (q.v.).

Kashmir < Cashmere < sanskrit Kashypamara (= land of Kashyap).

Kate < a shortening of Katherine (q.v.).

Katherine < Catherine < french Catherine [(?) by influence of folk etymology from ancient greek καθαρός | katharos (= pure)] < medieval latin Katerina < latin Ecaterina < ancient greek Αικατερίνη | Aekaterinē.

Kathmandu < nepalese Kathmandu < kath (= wooden) + mandu (= temple).

Kayla < Kay < a shortening of Katherine (q.v.).

Kazakhstan < Kazakh (< turkic kazak (= nomad)) + iranian -stan (= country, land).

Kelly < irish Kelly < old irish ceallach (= war).

Kennedy < irish Kennedy < (?) old Irish cinneide (= ugly head).

Kenneth < scottish Kenneth < gaelic Caioneach (= handsome, comely).

Kenya < (?) a shortening of [Kikuyu] Kirinyaga [a name for the high mountain Kenya, which is snowcapped at the top] < kere nyaga (= white mountain).

Korea < chinese Gao li (= high serenity), a name of a dynasty.

Kremlin < Cremelena < old russian kremlin < kremlinu < kreml’ (= citadel, fortress) < (?) tartar origin.

Kuwait < arabic al-kuwayt < al (= the) + kuwayt, a diminutive of kut (= a kind of fortress-like house) < (?) persian origin.

Kyoto < japanese Kyoto < kyo + to (= capital).

Lancelot < old french Lancelot < a diminutive of frankish Lanzo.

Laos < laotian Lao, a legendary founder of this country.

Larry < Lawrence < old french Lorenz < latin Laurentius (= of Laurentum) < Laurentum, a Roman town < laurus (= laurel tree).

Latin < old english Latin < latin Latinus (= belonging to Latium, Roman, in latin) < Latium, the region of Italy around Rome.

Laura < italian Laura < latin Laurentia, female of Laurentius (= of Laurentum) < Laurentum, a Roman town < laurus (= laurel tree).

Laurence < old french Lorenz < latin Laurentius (= of Laurentum) < Laurentum, a Roman town < laurus (= laurel tree).

Lazarus < late latin Lazarus < ancient greek Λάζαρος | Lazaros < hebrew El’azar (= God has helped him).

Lebanon < semitic ləbn (= white) [(?) in reference to snow-capped top of mountain Lebanon or to its limestone cliffs].

Lent < middle english Lent < Lenten (= the forty days of fasting before Easter) < old english lencten (= spring, the fast of Lent) < west germanic *langitinaz (= long-days) < (?) *langaz (= long) + *tina- (= day).

Leo < latin leo (= lion) < ancient greek λέων | leōn (= lion).

Leonard < french Léonard / old french Leonard < german Leonhard < old high german *Lewenhart < lewo (< latin leo < ancient greek λέων | leōn (= lion)) + hart (= hard).

Leopold < french Léopold < old high german Leutpald / Liutbald < leudi / liut (= people) + bald (= bold).

Letitia < latin laetitia (= joy, gladness, pleasure) < laetus (= glad, happy).

Levant < middle english Levant < middle french levant (= the Orient) < levant, present participle of lever (= to rise) [because this region is in the direction of sunrise] < latin levo [inf. levare] (= to raise).

Levi < hebrew lewi (= joining, pledging, attached) < lawah (= he joined).

Lewis < anglo-french Lewis < french Louis < old french Loois < (?) medieval latin Ludovicus < old high german Hlud(o)wig (= famous in war) < proto-germanic *hluda- (= heard of, famous) + *wiga (= war).

Lhasa < tibetan Lhasa (= city of the gods) < lha (= god) + sa (= city).

Liberia < latin liber (= free) [the country was a resettlement of freed American slaves from 1822].

Libra < latin libra (= a balance, pair of scales, pound) < proto-italic *leithra- (= pound).

Lima < spanish Lima < quechua (of Inca) Rimak, a god < rima (= speak).

Lincoln < Lincolnshire < old english Lindcylene < latin Lindum Colonia < british *lindo (= pool, lake) + latin colonia (= settled land, colony) (< colonus (= tenant farmer, settler in new land) < colo [inf. colere] (= cultivate, inhabit)).

Lionel < french Lionel < old french lionel (= young lion), a diminutive of lion < latin leo [gen. leonis] < ancient greek λέων | leōn (= lion).

Lisbon < portuguese Lisboa < (?) phoenician origin.

Lithuania < lithuanian Lietuva < (?) related to latin litus (= shore).

Liverpool < middle english Liuerpul < old english lifer (= thick, clotted water) + pol (= pool).

Lloyd < welsh Llwyd (= gray) < I.E. *pel-₍₁₎ (= pale).

Lola < a diminutive of spanish Dolores < [Maria de los] Dolores (= [Mary of the] Sorrows) < dolores, plural of dolor (= sorrow) < latin dolor (= pain, sorrow).

Lolita < a diminutive of Lola (q.v.).

London < latin Londinium.

Los Angeles < a shortening of its full name spanish [El pueblo de la Reyna de] los Angeles (= [The village of the Queen of] the Angels) < late latin angelus < ancient greek άγγελος | aⁿggelos (= messenger).

Louis < french Louis < old french Loois < medieval latin Ludovicus < old high german Hlud(o)wig (= famous in war) < proto-germanic *hluda- (= heard of, famous) + *wiga (= war).

Louisiana < french Louisiana < Louis [XIV] [as a french colony named in honor of that king of France].

Lucia < italian Lucia < latin Lucia, female of Lucius < lux [gen. lucis] (= light) < I.E. *leuk- (= light, brightness).

Lucille < french Lucille, a diminutive of latin Lucia, female of Lucius < lux [gen. lucis] (= light) < I.E. *leuk- (= light, brightness).

Lucy < french Lucie < latin Lucia, female of Lucius < lux [gen. lucis] (= light) < I.E. *leuk- (= light, brightness).

Ludwig < old high german Hlud(o)wig (= famous in war) < proto-germanic *hluda- (= heard of, famous) + *wiga (= war).

Luke < latin Lucas < Lucanus (= of Lucania) < Lucania, a district in Italy < Lucani [plural], a nation in Italy.

Luxemb(o)urg < germanic lutilla (= little) + burg (= fort, castle).

Luxor < arabic al-uqsur, plural of al-qasr < al (= the) + latin castrum (= fort, castle).

Mac- < scottish and irish [prefix in names] Mac- < old celtic *makko-s (= son).

Machu Picchu < quechua (of Inca) machu (= old man) + pikchu (= peak).

Madagascar < Mogadishu, city in Somalia [the Italian explorer Marco Polo thought the arabic name of this city was that of the island] < arabic mukaddas (= holy).

Madeira < portuguese madeira (= wood) [from the formerly large wood of this island] < latin materia (= wood, matter).

Madeline < french Magdalene < latin [Maria] Magdalena < ancient greek [Μαρία] Μαγδαληνή | [Maria] Maghdhalēnē (= [Mary] of Magdala) < aramaic Maghdela (= tower), a town in Israel < gadal (= be great, be high).

Madge < Mag < a diminutive of Margaret < old french Margaret < late latin Margarita (= pearl) < ancient greek μαργαρίτης [λίθος] | margharitēs [lithos] (= pearl [stone]).

Madison < middle english Madison < 1. (?) Mathieson (= son of Matthew) < Matthew + son or 2. *Maddison (= son of Maddy) < Maddy, a diminutive of Maud < old french Mahaut < medieval latin Matilda < old high german Mahthilda < mahti (= might, power) + hildi (= battle).

Madonna < italian madonna < old italian ma donna (= my lady) < ma (= my) + donna (= lady) < latin mea domina (= my lady) < mea, female of meus (= mine) + domina (= lady, mistress of the house) (< latin domus (= house)).

Madrid < spanish Madrid < Majerit.

Magdalene < latin [Maria] Magdalena < ancient greek [Μαρία] Μαγδαληνή | [Maria] Maghdhalēnē (= [Mary] of Magdala) < aramaic Maghdela (= tower), a town in Israel < gadal (= be great, be high).

Maggie < a diminutive of Margaret < old french Margaret < late latin Margarita (= pearl) < ancient greek μαργαρίτης [λίθος] | margharitēs [lithos] (= pearl [stone]).

Majorca < spanish Majorca (= greater) [so called because it is the largest of the three islands] < latin major, comparative of magnus (= great, large) < I.E. *meg- (= great).

Malaga < spanish Malaga < (?) phoenician malha (= salt).

Malcolm < old irish Máel Coluim (= servant of [St.] Columba) < máel (= servant) + Coluim (= Columba).

Maldives < (?) sanskrit maladvipa (= garland of islands) < mala (= garland) + dvipa (= island).

Malta < latin Melite < ancient greek Μελίτη | Melitē < (?) phoenician melita (= place of refuge) < malat (= he escaped).

Manchester < Mameceastre < celtic Mamucio < (?) *mamm (= breast, breast-like hill), + old english ceaster (= town, castle).

Manila < tagalog may (= there is) + nila (= a kind of indigo).

Manuel < a shortening of Emmanuel < ancient greek Εμμανουήλ | Emmanouēl < hebrew ‘Immanu’el (= God with us) < ‘immanu (= with us) (< ‘im (= with)) + El (= God).

Marcella < latin Marcella, female of Marcellus, a diminutive of Marcus < (?) Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

March < middle english March < anglo-french marche / old french marz < latin Martius [mensis] (= [month] of Mars) < Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

Marcus < latin Marcus < (?) Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

Margaret < middle english Margaret < old french Margaret < late latin Margarita (= pearl) < ancient greek μαργαρίτης [λίθος] | margharitēs [lithos] (= pearl [stone]).

Mark < Marcus < latin Marcus < (?) Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

Marlborough < Marl-borough (= (?) Mærla’s barrow).

Marley < old english mære (= boundary, landmark) + leah (= open field, meadow).

Mars < middle english Mars < latin Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

Marseilles < french Marseille < ancient greek Μασσαλία | Massalia < (?) ligurian mas (= spring).

Martha < ancient greek Μάρθα | Martha < aramaic Maretha (= lady, mistress), female of mar(a) (= lord, master).

Martin < latin Martinus, a derivative of Mars [gen. Martis], the god of war.

Mary < old english Maria | Marie < latin Maria < ancient greek Μαριάμ, Μαρία | Mariam, Maria < aramaic Maryam < hebrew Miryam (= (?) rebellious).

Massachusetts < algonquian Massachusett (= at the large hill), the Great Blue Hill, southwest of Boston.

Matilda < french Mathilde < old high german Mahthilda < mahti (= might, power) + hildi (= battle).

Matterhorn < german Matte (= meadow, pastureland) + Horn (= horn).

Matthew < old french Mathieu < late latin Matthaeus < ancient greek Ματθαίος / Mat-thaeos < Ματταθίας | Mattathias < hebrew Mattathyah (= gift of God) < mattath (= gift) + Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God).

Matthias < late latin Matthias < ancient greek Ματθίας | Mat-thias < Ματταθίας | Mattathias < hebrew Mattathyah (= gift of God) < mattath (= gift) + Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God).

Maurice < french Maurice < medieval latin Mauritius < Maurus < ancient greek Μαύρος | Mavros (= inhabitant of Mauretania, Moor).

Maximilian < latin Maximus + Aemilianus.

Maxwell < middle english Maxwell (= (?) the well of Macc), a town < Macc(a) + well.

May < middle english Mai < old french Mai < latin Majus [mensis] (= [month] of Maja) < Maja, a goddess.

Mecca < arabic Makkah < 1. arabic mahrab (= sanctuary) or 2. phoenician maqaq (= ruined).

Mediterranean < middle english Mediterranie < late latin Mediterraneum [mare] (= Mediterranean [sea]) < latin mediterraneus (= midland, in the middle of the earth) < medius (= middle) + terra (= land, earth).

Melanie < latin Melania < ancient greek μελανία | melania (= blackness) < μέλας | melas [gen. μέλανος | melanos] (= black).

Melissa < latin Melissa < ancient greek μέλισσα, μέλιττα | melissa, melitta (= honeybee) < μέλι | meli [gen. μέλιτος | melitos (= honey) < I.E. *melit- (= honey).

Melvin < old english Mælwine (= friend of the council) < mæl (= council) + wine (= friend).

Memphis < ancient greek Μέμφις | Memphis < egyptian Mennefer (= his beauty) < men (= his) + nefer (= beauty) [as a reference to pharaoh Pepi I].

Mercedes < spanish Mercedes < an abbreviation of [Maria de las] Mercedes (= [Mary of the] Mercies) < mercedes, plural of merced (= mercy, grace) < latin merces [gen. mercedis] (= pay, price, income) < merx [gen. mercis] (= merchandise).

Mercury < middle english Mercurie < latin Mercurius (= Mercury), the god of tradesmen < 1. merx [gen. mercis] (= merchandise) or 2. etruscan origin [by influence of merx].

Merlin < old french merlin < welsh Myrddhin < old celtic *Mori-dunon (= of sea-hill) < *mori (= sea) + dunom (= hill).

Messiah < middle english Messias < late latin Messias < ancient greek Μεσσίας | Messias < aramaic meshiha / hebrew mashiah (= the anointed) < mashah (= anoint).

Methusela(h) < middle english Methusela(h) < hebrew Metushelah (= man of the dart) < methim (= men) + shelah (= dart).

Mexico < spanish Mexico / Mejico < 1. nahuatl (of Aztec) mexihco or 2. nahuatl Mexicas, an Aztec tribe < (?) Metztlixihtlico (= in the middle of the moon).

Michael < late latin Michael < ancient greek Μιχαήλ | Mikhaēl < hebrew Mikha-el (= who is like God?).

Michigan < ojibwa *meshi-gami (= big lake).

Milan < latin Mediolanum < gaulish medios (= middle) + lanu (= plain).

Minnesota < dakota (of Siouan) mnisota (= cloudy water, milky water) < mni (= river, stream) + sota (= slightly clouded).

Miranda < latin Miranda, female gerundive of mirror [inf. mirari] (= to wonder at) < mirus (= wonderful).

Mitchell < middle english Mitchell < 1. Michael (< late latin Michael < ancient greek Μιχαήλ | Mikhaēl < hebrew Mikha-el (= who is like God?)) + 2. middle english mic(h)el / mycel (= big, great, long) (< proto-germanic *mekilaz).

Mohammed < arabic Muhammad (= praiseworthy), the prophet of Islam < hamida (= praise).

Mohican < algonquian ma:hi:kan (= people of the tidal estuary).

Moldavia < Moldova < romanian Moldova (= dark, darkish water, soiled), a river.

Moll(y) < Mary < old english Maria / Marie < latin Maria < ancient greek Μαριάμ, Μαρία | Mariam, Maria < aramaic Maryam < hebrew Miryam (= (?) rebellious).

Monday < middle english monedai < old english mondæg < monandæg (= day of the moon) < mona (= moon) + dæg (= day) < proto-germanic *menon- (= moon) + *dages- (= day).

Mongol < mongolian Mongghol < mengu / mong(u) (= brave, untamed).

Montana < spanish montaña (= mountain) < latin mons [gen. montis] (= mountain).

Monte Carlo < italian Monte Carlo (= Mountain of Charles) [named for Charles III of Monaco] < latin mons [gen. montis] (= mountain) + medieval latin Carolus (< middle high german Karl (= man, husband) < proto-germanic *karlon- (= man, husband)).

Montenegro < venetian Monte Negro (= black mountain), a translation of slavonic Crnagora < latin mons [gen. montis] (= mountain) + niger [gen. nigris] (= dark, black).

Montmartre < latin Mons Martyrum (= Mount of Martyrs) < mons [gen. montis] (= mountain) + martyr (< ancient greek μάρτυς | martys [gen. μάρτυρος | martyros) (= witness, martyr)).

Montreal < french [Ville Marie de] Montréal < Mont Réal (= royal mountain) < latin mons [gen. montis] (= mountain) + regalis (= of the king) (< rex [gen. regis] (= king)).

Morris < 1. Maurice < french Maurice < medieval latin Mauritius < Maurus < ancient greek Μαύρος | Mavros (= inhabitant of Mauretania, Moor) or 2. middle english Moorish < old french More < medieval latin Maurus < ancient greek Μαύρος | Mavros.

Mortimer < Mortemer, a place in Normandy.

Moscow < russian Moskva, the river of this town < (?) slavonic moskva (= wet, marshy).

Moses < middle english Moises < latin Moises < ancient greek Μω(υ)σής | Mō(y)sēs < hebrew Moshe(h).

Mosul < arabic al-Mawsul (= the joined) [in reference to a bridge of Tigris river].

Mozambique < portuguese Moçambique < arabic musa malik (= king Musa), a ruler.

Muhammad < [Mohammed] < arabic Muhammad (= Praiseworthy), the prophet of Islam < hamida (= praise).

Munich < german München < Mönch (= monk) < proto-germanic *muniko- < vulgar latin *monicus < late latin monachus (= monk) < ancient greek μοναχός | monakhos (= solitary, monk) < μόνος | monos (= single, alone).

Murphy < irish Murphy < gaelic Murchadh (= sea-warrior).

Muse < middle english Muse < old french Muse < latin Musa < ancient greek Μούσα | Mousa (= Muse), the goddess of arts < I.E. *men-₍₁₎ (= to think).

Nagasaki < japanese Nagasaki < naga (= long) + saki (= headland).

Nancy < Ancy < a diminutive of middle english Annis < old french Agnes < ancient greek ‘Αγνή | ^hAghnē, female of ‘αγνός | ^haghnos (= holy, pure, chaste).

Naomi < hebrew Na’omi (= delight) < no’am (= pleasantness) < na’em (= was pleasant).

Naples < italian Napoli < ancient greek Νεάπολις | Neapolis (= New city) < νέα | nea, female of νέος | neos (= new) + πόλις | polis (= city).

Napoleon < french Napoléon < 1. germanic origin [by influence of italian Napoli], related to Nibelungen, a mythical tribe or 2. italian Napoleone (= lion of Naples / nose of a lion).

Natalie < french Natalie < late latin Natalia < [dies] natalis (= [day] of birth, Christmas day) < latin natalis (= pertaining to birth) < natus, past participle of nascor [inf. nasci] (= be born).

Natasha < russian Natasha < Natalya [see Natalie].

Nathaniel < late latin Nathanael < ancient greek Ναθαναήλ | Nathanaēl < hebrew Nethan’el (= God has given) < nathan (= he has given) + El (= God).

Navajo < spanish [Apaches de] Nabaju < tewa Navahu (= large field) < nava (= field) + hu (= valley).

Nazareth < hebrew Natzerath / Natseret < (?) 1. Gennesaret (= sea of Galilee) or 2. netser (= sprout, grow).

Neanderthal < german Neanderthal (= Neander valley) < Neander, graecized form of [Joachim] Neumann (= New man), German pastor and poet < ancient greek νέος | neos (= new) + ανήρ | anēr [gen. ανδρός | andhros (= man)].

Ned < an abbreviation of Edward < old english Eadweard < ead (= wealth, prosperity) + weard (= guardian).

Neil < gaelic / old irish Niall (= champion).

Nelly < a diminutive of Nell < 1. Helen or 2. Eleanor.

Nepal < sanskrit Nepala < nipat (= fly down) (< ni (= down) + pat (= to fly)) + alaya (= house).

Neptune < middle english Neptune < latin Neptunus, the god of the sea < (?) I.E. *nebh- (= cloud).

Netherlands < dutch Nederland (= lower land) < neder (= down, lower) (< proto-germanic *nitheraz, comparative of I.E. *ni- (= down, below)) + land (< proto-germanic *landja-).

Nevada < spanish [Sierra] Nevada (= Snowy [mount range]) < nevada, female of nevado (= snowy) < I.E. *sneigwh- (= snow).

New York < new + York, a city of England (< old english Eoforwic < Eborakon, related to Ebores, a tribe < celtic source) [it was the former dutch Nieuw Amsterdam, renamed after British acquisition (1664) in honor of the Duke of York].

New Zealand < dutch Nieuw Zeeland [former dutch Staaten Landt] < nieuw (= new) + Zeeland (= Sea land), a province of Holland.

Niagara < (?) 1. iroquoian nee-agg-arah (= dashing waters) or 2. a similar source, meaning (= land divded in two) or (= between two bodies of water).

Nicaragua < Nicarao, a native chief + spanish agua (= water).

Nice < french Nice < ancient greek Νίκαια | Nicaea < Nίκη | Nikē (= Nike), the goddess of victory < νίκη | nikē (= victory).

Nicholas < french Nicolas < latin Nic(h)olaus < ancient greek Νικόλαος | Nikolaos < νίκη | nikē (= victory) + λαός | laos (= people).

Nick < a diminutive of Nicholas (q.v.).

Niger < tuareg n-igereouen, the river Niger < n-igereouen, plural of egereou (= big river, sea) [(?) by influence of latin niger (= black)].

Nike < ancient greek Nίκη | Nikē, the goddess of victory < νίκη | nikē (= victory).

Nile < latin Nilus < ancient greek Νείλος | Noelos < (?) semitic nahal (= river).

Nina < 1. russian Nina < a shortening of Annina < a diminutive of ancient greek Άννα | Anna < hebrew Hannah (= grace) or 2. spanish Niña (= child, infant).

Noah < hebrew Noach (= rest).

Noel < middle english nouel / nowel (= Christmas) < old french noel (= the Christmas season) < nael < latin natalis [dies] (= birth [day], Christmas) < natus, past participle of nascor [inf. nasci] (= be born).

Nora < irish Nora, a shortening of 1. Honora < late latin Honoria, female of Honorius (= honour) < latin honor (= honor, reputation) or 2. italian Leonora < provençal Alienor < alia Aenor (= the other Aenor) [a queen of Aquitaine, so called to distinguish her from hers mother with the same name, Aenor] < latin alia, female of alius (= other) + old germanic Aenor.

Norma < italian Norma < (?) latin norma (= rule) or 2. Norma, female of Norman (q.v.).

Norman < middle english Norman < old french Normand / Normant (= North man) < proto-germanic *nurtha- + *mann-.

Norse < dutch Noorsch (= Norwegian) < noordsch (= northern, nordic) < noord (= north) < proto-germanic *nurtha-.

Norway < middle english Nor-weie < old english Norweg / Norþweg < old norse Norvegr (= north way) < norðr (= north) + vegr (= way) < proto-germanic *nurtha- + *wegaz (= way).

November < middle english November < old french novembre < latin November [mensis] (= ninth [month]) [of the old Roman calendar, which began with March] < novem (= nine) + [suffix] -ber (< -bris).

Nuremberg < german Nürnberg < medieval latin Norinberga < Norin, (?) related to scandinavian Norn, a god of fate + Berg (= mountain).

Oceania < modern latin Oceania < french Océanie < old french occean < latin oceanus < ancient greek ωκεανός | ōkeanos (= the great river surrounding the Earth).

Octavian < latin Octavian < Octavius < octavus (= eighth [child in birth order]) < octo (= eight) < I.E. *octo(u)- (= eight).

October < old english October < latin October [mensis] (= eight [month]) [of the old Roman calendar, which began with March] < octo (= eight) + [suffix] -ber (< -bris).

Olaf < old norse An-leifr (= ancestor’s relic) < old high german ano (= ancestor) + leifr, related to old english læfan (= to leave).

Oleg < russian Oleg < norse Helge < Helgi (= holy) < proto-germanic *hailaga < I.E. *kailo- (= whole, uninjured).

Olga < russian Olga < norse Helga (= holy) < proto-germanic *hailaga < I.E. *kailo- (= whole, uninjured).

Oliver < middle english Oliver < french Olivier [by influence of olive (= olive tree)] < middle low german Alfihar (= elf-host, elf-army) < alf (= elf) + hari (= host, army).

Olivia < italian Olivia < latin oliva (= olive, olive tree) < ancient greek ελαία | elaea (= olive, olive tree).

Olympic < ancient greek Ολυμπικός | Olympikos < 1. Όλυμπος | Olympos, a mountain [home of the twelve great gods] or 2. Ολυμπιακός | Olympiakos < Ολυμπία | Olympia, a town [with a famous temple of Zeus, where every four years athletic contests were held in his honor from 776 B.C.].

Ophelia < ancient greek ωφέλεια | ōpheloea (= help, aid) < ωφελώ | ōphelō (= to help, aid) < όφελος | ophelos (= advantage, help) < I.E. *obhel- (= to avail).

Ophiuchus < latin ophiuchus < ancient greek οφιούχος | ophioukhos (= holding a serpent) < όφις | ophis (= serpent, snake) + έχω | ekhō (= hold, have).

Orlando < italian Orlando < french Roland < old high german Hrodland < hrod (= famous) + land).

Orleans < french Orléans < latin Aurelianum < Aurelian, an emperor.

Osbo(u)rn(e) < scandinavian Osbo(u)rn(e) (= god-bear) < os (= god) + proto-germanic *beranan (= bear).

Oscar < old english Osgar (= god’s spear) < os (= god) + gar (= spear).

Oslo < norwegian Oslo < (?) 1. old norse os (= estuary, river mouth) or 2. old norse As, a god + Lo, a river.

Osmond < old english Osmund < os (= god) + -mund (= protection).

Oswald < old english Osweald (= god-power) < old english os (= god) + old english (ge)weald (= power).

Otto < german Otto < old high german Odo / Udo < proto-germanic *aud- (= wealth).

Owen < celtic Owen < gaelic Eòghann / old irish Eogán / old welsh Eugein, Ougein < latin Eugenius < ancient greek Ευγένιος | Evghenios < ευγενής | evghenēs (= nobleman, gentle) < ευ | ef, ev (= well) + γένος | ghenos (= parentage).

Oxford < middle english Oxforde < old english Oxnaforda (= oxen ford) < ox + ford.

Paddy (= an Irishman) [slang] < Patrick < old irish Patraicc < latin Patricius (= a patrician) < patres (= senators), plural of pater [gen. patris] (= father).

Padua < italian Padova < latin Patavium < (?) gaulish *padi (= pine).

Paige < page (= young servant) < old french page (= youth, servant) < medieval latin pagius (= servant) < (?) ancient greek παιδίον | paedhion (= little child, boy), a diminutive of παις | paes [gen. παιδός | paedos) (= child).

Pakistan < P.A.K.-istan < an acronym from [Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir] + persian -stan (= country) (< indo-iranian *stanam (= place)).

Palestine < latin Palestina < ancient greek Παλαιστίνη | Palaestinē < hebrew P(e)lesheth (= Philistia, land of the Philistines) < hebrew P’lishtim (= people of Philistia).

Pamela < ancient greek παμ-, παν- | pam-, pan- (< παν | pan, neuter of πας | pas [gen. παντός | pantos] (= everyone, all)) + μέλι | meli (= honey).

Panama < spanish Panama < (?) guarani source, meaning (= place of many fish).

Pandora < ancient greek Πανδώρα | Pandhōra (= giver of all) < παν | pan, neuter of πας | pas [gen. παντός | pantos] (= everyone, all) + δώρον | dhōron (= gift).

Pangaea < ancient greek παν | pan, neuter of πας | pas [gen. παντός | pantos] (= everyone, all) + γαία | ghaea (= earth).

Panthalassa < ancient greek παν | pan, neuter of πας | pas [gen. παντός | pantos] (= everyone, all) + θάλασσα | thalassa (= sea).

Papuan < Papua < malay papuah (= frizzled).

Paris < gallo-latin [Lutetia] Parisorum (= Parisian [swamp]) / late latin Parisii, a fortified town < Parisii, a Gaulish tribe < (?) celtic par (= boat).

Parthenon < ancient greek Παρθενών | Parthenōn (= the girl’s apartments of a house, a temple of the Virgin goddess Athena) < παρθένος | parthenos (= virgin, maiden).

Patricia < latin Patricia, female of Patricius (= patrician) < patres (= senators), plural of pater [gen. patris] (= father).

Patrick < old irish Patraicc < latin Patricius (= patrician) < patres (= senators), plural of pater [gen. patris] (= father).

Paul < latin Paulus < paulus (= small) < I.E. *pau-₍₁₎ (= little, few).

Pearson < Peter < old english Petrus < latin Petrus < ancient greek Πέτρος | Petros < πέτρα | petra (= stone, rock).

Peggy < Maggie < Margaret < old french Margaret < late latin Margarita (= pearl) < ancient greek μαργαρίτης [λίθος] | margharitēs [lithos] (= pearl).

Peirce < middle english Peirce < old french Piers < Pierre < latin Petrus < ancient greek Πέτρος | Petros < πέτρα | petra (= stone, rock).

Peking < chinese Beijing (= northern capital) < bei (= north) + jing (= capital) [as opposed to Nanking (= southern capital)].

Penelope < ancient greek Πηνελόπη | Pēnelopē < πηνέλοψ | pēnelops [gen. πηνέλοπος | pēnelopos], a kind of duck.

Pentecost < old english Pentecosten < late latin Pentecoste < ancient greek πεντηκοστή [‘ημέρα] | pentēkostē [^hēmera] (= fiftieth [day]) < πεντηκοστή, female of πεντηκοστός | pentēkostos (= fiftieth) < πεντήκοντα | pentēkonta (= 50) < πέντε | pente (= 5) < I.E. *penkwe- (= five).

Percy < 1. Percy, a place < old french percer (= to pierce) < (?) vulgar latin *pertusio [inf. pertusiare] < latin pertusus, past participle of pertundo [inf. pertundere] (= beat through) < per (= through) + tundo [inf. tundere] (= to beat) or 2. a shortening of Percival < old french Perceval < percer (= to pierce) + val (= valley) (< latin vallis (= valley)).

Pericles < latin Pericles < ancient greek Περικλής | Periklēs < περί | peri (= around) + κλέος | kleos (= glory, fame).

Peru < spanish Peru < quechua (of Inca) pelu (= river).

Pete < Peter (q.v.).

Peter < middle english Peter < old english Petrus < latin Petrus < ancient greek Πέτρος | Petros < πέτρα | petra (= stone, rock) [a translation of Cephas (< syriac kefa (= stone)), the name given by Jesus Christ to apostle Simon].

Philadelphia < ancient greek φίλος | philos (= loving, friend) + αδελφός | adhelphos (= brother).

Philip < latin Philippus < ancient greek Φίλιππος | Philippos (= fond of horses) < φίλος | philos (= loving) + ‘ίππος | ^hippos (= horse) (< I.E. *ekwo- (= horse) {> latin equus}).

Philippines < spanish [Islas] Filipinas (= [Islands] of Philip) [named for Philip II, king of Spain] < latin Philippus < ancient greek Φίλιππος | Philippos (= fond of horses) < φίλος | philos (= loving) + ‘ίππος | ^hippos (= horse).

Phoebe < middle english Phoebe < latin Phoebe < ancient greek Φοίβη | Phoebhē [a name of goddess Artemis], female of Φοίβος | Phoebhos (= bright, pure) [a name of her brother and god Apollo].

Phyllis < latin Phyllis < ancient greek Φυλλίς | Phyllis (= foliage) < φύλλον | phyllon (= leaf).

Pierre < french Pierre < latin Petrus < ancient greek Πέτρος | Petros < πέτρα | petra (= stone, rock).

Pilate < latin Pilatus (= armed with javelin) < pilum (= javelin).

Pilates < [1980] [Joseph] Pilates, physical fitness teacher.

Pisces < old english Pisces < latin pisces, plural of piscis (= fish) < I.E. *pisk- (= a fish).

Pluto < latin Pluto(n), the god of the underworld < ancient greek Πλούτων | Ploutōn, the god of wealth and underworld [where there are metals and gems] < πλούτος | ploutos (= wealth, riches) < I.E. *pleu- (= to flow).

Pocahontas < algonquian Pokachantesu (= she is playful).

Poland < Pole (< german Pole, singular of Polen < polish Polanie (= Poles) < pole (= field)) + land.

Pole < german Pole, singular of Polen < polish Polanie (= Poles) < pole (= field) < I.E. *pele-₍₂₎ (= flat, to spread).

Polynesia < french Polynésie < ancient greek πολύς | polys (= many) + νήσος | nēsos (= island).

Pompeii < oscan pompe (= five) [so called in reference to five districts of this town] < I.E. *penkwe- (= five) {> latin quinque, ancient greek πέντε | pente}.

Portugal < middle english Portyngale < medieval latin Portus Cale 1. (= warm Port) (< latin portus (= harbor, port), caldus (= warm)) or 2. (= Port of Gaya).

Prague < czech Praha < (?) 1. related to pražiti (= forest cleared by burning) or 2. < prah (= threshold).

Priscilla < latin Priscilla, female of Priscillus, a diminutive of Priscus < priscus (= antique, ancient, primitive).

Prussia < medieval latin Borussi / Prusi, a Lithuanian people < (?) slavic *Po-Rus (= near the Russians).

Puerto Rico < spanish Puerto Rico (= rich harbor) < puerto (< latin portus (= harbor, port)) + rico (< old french riche (= wealthy) < frankish *riki (= powerful)).

Punjab < hindi Panjab < persian panj (= five) (< I.E. *penkwe- (= five)) + ab (= water) (< iranian *ap- < I.E. *ap-₍₂₎ (= water)) [in reference to the five rivers of this region].

Pyongyang < korean Pyongyang < p’yong (= flat) + yang (= land).

Pyrenees < french Pyrénées < latin Pyrenæi < ancient greek Πυρήνη | Pyrēnē, a mistress of Hercules, buried in these mountains < πυρ | pyr (= fire) < I.E. *paewr- (= fire).

Qatar < (?) arabic katran (= tar, resin) [in reference to petroleum].

Quebec < canadian-french Quebec < algonquian /kepe:k/ (= strait, narrow).

Quentin < french Quentin < latin Quin(c)tianus (= fifth [child in birth order]) < quintus (= fifth), related to quinque (= five) < I.E. *penkwe- (= five).

Rachel < late latin Rachel < ancient greek 'Ραχήλ | ^hRakhēl < hebrew Rahel (= ewe).

Ralph < a shortening of Radulf < old norse Raðulfr < rað (= counsel) + ulfr (= wolf).

Randal < a shortening of old english Randwulf < rand (= shield) + wulf (= wolf).

Randolph < old norse Rannulfr (= shield-wolf) / frankish *Rannulf (= raven-wolf) (< wulf (= wolf)).

Raphael < late latin Raphael < ancient greek ‘Ραφαήλ | ^hRaphaēl < hebrew Repha’el (= God has healed) < rapha (= he healed) + El (= God).

Raymond < old french Raimund < frankish *Raginmund < ragin (= counsel) + mund (= hand, protection) (< proto-germanic *mundo < I.E. *man-₍₂₎ (= hand)).

Rebecca < late latin Rebecca < ancient greek ‘Ρεβέκκα | ^hRebhekka < hebrew Ribhqeh (= connection) < semitic r-b-q (= to tie, join).

Reginald < old high german Reginald (= ruling with power).

Renaissance < french renaissance [des letters] (= rebirth [of letters]) < old french renaissance (= rebirth) < renastre (= be reborn) < vulgar latin *renasco [inf. renascere] < latin renascor [inf. renasci] (= be born again) < re- (= back, again) + nascor [inf. nasci] (= be born).

Reykjavik < old norse Reykjavik (= bay of smoke) [so called from the many hot springs being there] < reykja (= to smoke) + vik (= bay).

Reynard < middle english Reynald < old french Renart / Reynard [name of a fox] < old high german Reginhart (= counsel-brave).

Reynold < old french Reinald < old high german Reginald (= counsel-strong).

Rhine < german Rhein < middle high german Rin < gaulish Renos (= that which flows) < I.E. *rei- (= to run, flow).

Rhodes < ancient greek ‘Ρόδος | ^hRodhos < (?) 'ρόδον | ^hrodhon (= rose).

Richard < middle english Rycharde < old french Richard < old high german Ricohard < proto-germanic *rik- (= ruler) + *harthu (= hard).

Rio de Janeiro < italian Rio de Janeiro (= River of January) [named by Amerigo Vespucci, Italian explorer, because he discovered it on 1 January 1502] < latin rivus (= brook, stream) + de (= of, from) + Januarius [mensis] (= [month] of Janus) < Janus, a Roman god, having two faces (cf. January).

Robert < old french Robert < old high german Hrodberht < hrod- (= fame, glory) + *berht (= bright).

Robin < old french Robin, a diminutive of Robert (q.v.).

Roderick < old high german Hroderich < hruod- (= fame, glory) + proto-germanic *rikja (= rule).

Roger < old french Rogier < old high german Hrotger < hruod- (= fame, glory) + ger (= spear).

Roland < french Roland < old high german Hrodland < hruod- (= fame, glory) + land.

Rolf < old norse Hrolfr, related to old high german Hrodulf < hruod- (= fame, glory) + wolf.

Rom (= male gypsy) < romany rom (= man, husband, Gypsy) [plural roma] < sanskrit domba-s (= male member of a low caste of musicians).

Roman < old english Roman < latin Romanus (= of Rome, Roman) < Roma (= Rome).

Romania < latin Romani (= people from Rome) [used to describe the Roman colonists in this country] < Romani, plural of Romanus (= of Rome, Roman) < Roma (= Rome).

Romany (= Gypsy) < romani, female of romano (= Gypsy) < romany rom (= man, husband, Gypsy) [plural roma] < sanskrit domba-s (= male member of a low caste of musicians).

Rome < old english Rome < old french Rome < latin Roma < (?) etruscan origin.

Ronald < old norse Rögnvaldr < rögn (= gods), plural of regin (= decree) + valdr (= ruler).

Rosa < latin Rosa < rosa (= rose).

Roxanne < french Roxanne [by influence of Anne] < latin Roxane < ancient greek ‘Ρωξάνη | ^hRōxanē [the wife of Alexander the great] < persian origin.

Rudolph < german Rudolf < old high german Hrodulf < hruod- (= fame, glory) + wolf.

Rufus < latin rufus (= red, reddish, red-haired) < I.E. *reudh- (= red).

Rupert < (?) a blend of 1. german Ruprecht + 2. english Robert.

Russell < old french rousel, a diminutive of rous (= red) < latin russus (= red) < I.E. *reudh- (= red).

Russia < medieval latin Russi (= the people of Russia) < Rus, the native name < (?) finnish Ruotsi < old norse Roþrslandi (= the land of rowing) < old norse roðr (= steering oar) < proto-germanic *rothra- (= rudder).

Ruth < hebrew Ruth < (?) reuth (= companion, friend, fellow woman).

Sabbath < old english sabat < latin sabbatum < ancient greek Σάββατον | Sabhbhaton < hebrew shabbath (= day of rest) < shabath (= he rested).

Sabrina < Sabrina, romanized form of river Severn [welsh Hafren / Habren] (= (?) boundary) < celtic source.

Sadie < Sarah < hebrew Sarah (= princess) < sarah, female of sar (= prince) < sarar (= he ruled).

Sagittarius < latin sagittarius (= archer) < sagitta (= arrow).

Sahara < arabic çahara, plural of çahra (= desert) < çahra, female of asharu (= yellowish red).

Salome < late latin Salome < ancient greek Σαλώμη | Salōmē < hebrew shalom (= peace).

Sammy < british [slang] Sammy (= American soldier in WWI) < [Uncle] Sam [in political cartoons of USA] < Samuel (< late latin Samuel < ancient greek Σαμουήλ | Samouēl < hebrew Shemiel (= the name of God) < shem (= name) + El (= God)).

Samson < late latin Samson < ancient greek Σαμψών | Sampsōn < hebrew Shimshon < (?) shemesh (= sun).

Samuel < late latin Samuel < ancient greek Σαμουήλ | Samouēl < hebrew Shemiel (= the name of God) < shem (= name) + El (= God).

San Francisco < spanish San Francisco [named for St. Francis of Assisi] < latin sanctus (= holy) (< sanctus, past participle of sancio [inf. sancire] (= consecrate)) + medieval latin Franciscus (= Frankish) < Francus (= Frank) < frankish *Frank.

Sandra < a shortening of Alexandra < ancient greek Αλεξάνδρα | Alexandhra, female of Αλέξανδρος | Alexandhros < αλέξω | alexō (= repulse, protect) + ανήρ | anēr [gen. ανδρός | andhros] (= man).

Sandy < a shortening of Alexander < ancient greek Αλέξανδρος | Alexandhros < αλέξω | alexō (= repulse, protect) + ανήρ | anēr [gen. ανδρός | andhros] (= man).

Santa Claus < american english Santa Claus < dutch [dialectal] Sante Klaas < middle dutch Sinter Niklaas (= Saint Nicholas) < latin sanctus (= holy) (< sanctus, past participle of sancio [inf. sancire] (= consecrate)) + Nicolaus (< ancient greek Νικόλαος | Nikolaos < νίκη | nikē (= victory) + λαός | laos (= people)).

Sara < Sarah (q.v.).

Sarah < hebrew Sarah (= princess) < sarah, female of sar (= prince) < sarar (= he ruled).

Saturday < old english sæterdæg / sæternesdæg (= Saturn day) < Sætern (= Saturn) + old english dæg (= day).

Saturn < old english Sætern < latin Saturnus, the Italic god of agriculture < (?) etruscan origin.

Saudi Arabia < arabic Sa’ud, family name of rulers (< sa’d (= good fortune, happiness)) + ‘arab (= (?) inhabitant of the desert).

Saul < latin Saul < hebrew Shaul < shaul (= asked for), passive participle of sha’al (= he asked for).

Saxon < middle english Saxon < late latin Saxo < proto-germanic *sahsa- (= knife) < I.E. *sek- (= to cut).

Scandinavia < late latin Scandinavia < proto-germanic *skadinaujo (= Scadia island) < *skadin (= Scadia) + *aujo (= thing on water) (< I.E. *akwā- (= water)).

Scorpio < middle english Scorpio < latin scorpio < scorpius < ancient greek σκορπιός | skorpios (= scorpion) < I.E. *(s)ker-₍₁₎ (= to cut).

Scotch < Scottish < Scot (+ [suffix] -ish) < old english Scottas [plural] (= Irishmen, Irish settlers of England) < late latin Scotti < (?) celtic source.

Sean < irish Sean / Shaun / Shawn < John < Jan / Jon < old french Jan / Jean / Jehan < medieval latin Johannes < late latin Joannes < ancient greek Ιωάννης | Iōannēs < hebrew Yohanan (= God is gracious) < Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God) + hanan (= he was gracious).

Sebastian < latin Sebastianus < ancient greek Σεβαστιανός | Sebhastianos (= man of Sebastia) < Σεβάστια | Sebhastia, a city in Asia Minor < σεβαστός | sebhastos (= venerable) < σέβας | sebhas (= respect).

Selene < ancient greek Σελήνη | Selēnē (= the moon, the moon goddess) < σέλας | selas (= light, brightness) < I.E. *swel-₍₂₎ (= to shine, beam).

Selina < french Céline < latin caelina (= heavenly) < caelum (= heaven, sky).

Semite < french Sémite < modern latin Semita < late latin Sem < ancient greek Σημ | Sēm < hebrew Shem (= name), son of Noah and ancestor of Semites.

Seoul < korean Seoul < seoul (= capital).

September < old english September < latin September [mensis] (= seventh [month]) [of the old Roman calendar, which began with March] < septem (= seven) + [suffix] -ber (< -bris).

Serb < serbian Srb (= man).

Serena < latin serena, female of serenus (= clear, bright, joyous).

Sergius < latin Sergius < etruscan origin.

Servian < medieval latin Servia < Serb < serbian Srb (= man).

Seville < spanish Sevilla < phoenician sefela (= plain, valley).

Seychelles < french [Jean Moreau de] Séchelles, a minister of finance [named in honor of him].

Shanghai < chinese Shanghai (= by the sea) < shang (= on, above) + hai (= sea).

Sharon < hebrew Sharon, a shortening of yesharon (= the plain) < yashar (= was straight, was even).

Sherlock < old english scir (= bright) + locc (= lock of hair).

Sicily < latin Sicilia < ancient greek Σικελία | Sikelia < Σικελοί | Sikeloe [plural] (= Sicilians), an ancient people.

Siegfried < german Siegfried < high german sigu (= victory) (< proto-germanic *seges- (= victory)) + old high ferman *frithu (= peace).

Sigismund < german Sigismund < old high german sigu (= victory) (< proto-germanic *seges- (= victory)) + munt (= hand, protection) (< proto-germanic *mundo (= hand)).

Silas < late latin Silas < ancient greek Σίλας | Silas < Σιλουανός | Silouanos < latin Silvanus (= living in the forest) < silva (= forest).

Singapore < sanskrit Simhapuram < simhah (= lion) + puram (= city).

Sirius < middle english Sirius < latin Sirius < ancient greek Σείριος | Soerios.

Slav < middle english Sclave < medieval latin Sclavus (= Slav, slave) < medieval greek Σκλάβος | Sklabhos (= Slav, slave) < old church slavonic Sloveninu (= Slav).

Solomon < ancient greek Σολομών | Solomōn < hebrew Sh'lomoh < shelomo (= peaceful) < shalom (= peace).

Sophie < french Sophie < ancient greek σοφία | sophia (= skill, knowledge, wisdom) < σοφός | sophos (= learned, clever, wise).

Spain < middle english Spain < anglo-french Espayne < late latin Spania < latin Hispania < ancient greek ‘Ισπανία | ^hIspania (= Spain) < (?) celt-iberian origin.

Sparta < ancient greek Σπάρτη | Spartē < (?) 1. σπαρτή | spartē, female of σπαρτός | spartos (= sown) or 2. σπάρτον | sparton (= spanish rush), a type of broom.

Spencer < middle english Spencer < anglo-french espencer / old french despencier (= dispenser, butler, steward) < despense (= larder) < despenser (= distribute) < latin dispenso [inf. dispensare] (= distribute) < dis- (= out) + pendo [inf. pendere] (= to hang).

Sri Lanka < sanskrit sri (= beauty) + Lanka, the older name of the island.

Stella < latin stella (= star) < I.E. *sterla- < *ster-₍₂₎ (= star).

Stephanie < female of Stephen (q.v.).

Stephen < latin Stephanus < ancient greek Στέφανος | Stephanos < στέφανος | stephanos (= crown, wreath, crown of victory) < στέφω | stephō (= to encircle, crown).

Stonehenge < middle english Stanenges (= stone gallows) [(?) so called from resemblance to old-style gallows with two posts].

Stuart < old english stiward / stigweard (= house guardian, housekeeper) < stig (= hall, part of a house) + weard (= guard) (< proto-germanic *wardaz (= guard)).

Sudan < arabic [Bilad-al]-sudan (= country of the blacks) < sud, plural of aswad (= black).

Sue < Susan < french Susanne < late latin Susanna < ancient greek Σωσάννα | Sōsanna < hebrew Shoshannah (= a lily).

Suez < arabic as-suways < egyptian suan (= beginning) [in reference to the port at the beginning of the Red Sea].

Sunday < old english sunna(n)dæg (= day of the sun) < sunnan (< sunne (= sun) < proto-germanic *sunno) + dæg (= day) (< proto-germanic *dages- (= day)).

Susan < french Susanne < late latin Susanna (q.v.).

Susanna(h) < late latin Susanna < ancient greek Σωσάννα | Sōsanna < hebrew Shoshannah (= a lily).

Susie < Susan < late latin Susanna (q.v.).

Sussex < old english Suþ Seaxe (= South Saxons) < old english suð (= to the south) (< proto-germanic *sunthaz) + Saxon (< late latin Saxo < proto-germanic *sahsa- (= knife)).

Swahili < arabic sawahil, plural of sahil (= coast).

Swede < low german Swede < middle low german Swede < Sweon (= Swedes) < (?) 1. proto-germanic *sweba (= free, independent) or 2. *geswion (= kinsman).

Swiss < middle french Suisse < middle high german Suizer < Suiz (= Switzerland).

Sydney < [Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount] Sydney, Home secretary of England [named in his honor] (< Sidney / Sydney < old english sid (= side) + ieg (= island)).

Sylvanus < latin Silvanus, a god of woods and fields < latin silvanus (= of the forest) < silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Sylvester < latin silvestris (= of the forest) < silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Sylvia < latin silva (= wood, forest, grove).

Syria < latin Syria < ancient greek Συρία | Syria < Σύρος | Syros (= Syrian).

Tabitha < late latin Tabitha < ancient greek Ταβιθά | Tabhitha < aramaic tabhyetha < tabhya (= gazelle).

Taiwan < chinese Taiwan (= platform bay) < tai (= terrace, platform) + wan (= bay).

Tanzania < swahili Tanganyika, a lake + Zanzibar (< Zengi, a tribe + arabic barr (= shore).

Tasmania < dutch [Abel] Tasman, a navigator [who discovered it].

Taurus < old english Taurus < latin taurus (= bull) < I.E. *tau-ro- (= bull) {> ancient greek ταύρος | tavros, lithuanian tauras, old prussian tauris, old church slavonic turu} < *tauro- (= bull) < *(s)taeu- (= stout, standing, strong).

Teddy < a shortening of 1. Edward or 2. Edmund or 3. Theodore.

[teddy boy (1954) < Edward (from the preference of such boys for Edwardian styles (1901-1910)].

Teh(e)ran < iranian Tehran (= flat, level) or (= warm place) (< old persian teh (= warm) + ran (= place)).

Texas < spanish Texas / Tejas < caddo (of Indian tribe) taysha [plural] (= friends, allies).

Thaddeus < latin Thaddaeus < ancient greek Θαδδαίος | Thadhdhaeos < hebrew Tadday.

Thames < old english Temese < latin Tamesis < british Tamesa < celtic origin (= (?) the dark one).

Thea < ancient greek θεά | thea (= goddess), female of θεός | theos (= god).

Theodore < latin Theodorus < ancient greek Θεόδωρος | Theodhōros (= gift of god) < θεός | theos (= god) + δώρον | dhōron (= gift).

Theodosia < ancient greek Θεοδοσία | Theodhosia (= gift of god) < θεός | theos (= god) + δόσις | dhosis (= a giving) (< δίδωμι | dhidhōmi (= give)).

Theresa < french Thérèse < latin Therasia < (?) ancient greek Θηρασία | Thērasia, a small island near to island Θήρα | Thēra (= Santorine) [said to be the birth-place of St. Theresa].

Thomas < ancient greek Θωμάς | Thōmas < aramaic Te’oma (= a twin).

Thursday < old english þurresdæg < þunresdæg (= Thor’s day) < þunor [gen. þunre] (= Thor) + old english dæg (< proto-germanic *dages- (= day)) < proto-germanic *thonaras daga.

Tiffany < old french Tifinie / Tiphanie (= Epiphany) < late latin Theophania < ancient greek Θεοφάνια | Theophania (= the manifestation of a god) < θεός | theos (= god) + φαίνω | phaenō (= to show).

Timothy < french Timothée < latin Timotheus < ancient greek Τιμόθεος | Timotheos < τιμή | timē (= honor, respect) + θεός | theos (= god).

Todd < middle english Todd < todde (= fox).

Tokyo < japanese Tokyo < to (= east) + kyo (= capital).

Tom < Thomas < ancient greek Θωμάς | Thōmas < aramaic Te’oma (= a twin).

Tony < a shortening of Anthony < latin Antonius < (?) etruscan origin.

Toronto < Tarantou, a native village < (?) iroquoian 1. taron-to-hen (= wood in the water) or 2. huron deondo (= meeting place).

Trafalgar < arabic 1. taraf-al-garb (= end of the west) or 2. taraf-agarr (= end of the column) [in reference to the column by which the giant Atlas supported the sky, in Greek mythology].

Travis < Travers (= (?) gatekeeper, toll collector of a bridge) < old french traverser (= to cross, place across) < vulgar latin *traverso [inf. traversare] (= to cross) < latin transverso [inf. transversare] (= to cross, throw across) < latin transversus, past participle of transverto [inf. transvertere] (= turn across) < trans (= across, over, beyond) + verto [inf. vertere] (= to turn).

Trento < italian Trento < latin Tridentum < tri- (= three) (< tres, tria (= three)) + dens [gen. dentis] (= tooth) [in reference to the triple-peaked mountain nearby].

Tripoli < ancient greek τρία | tria (= three) + πόλις | polis (= city).

Tuesday < old english tiwesdæg < Tiwes, genitive of Tiw (= Tiu) (< proto-germanic *Tiwaz (= god of the sky)) + dæg (< proto-germanic *dages- (= day)).

Turk < middle english Turk < french Turc < medieval latin Turcus < medieval greek Τούρκος | Tourkos < turkish Turk.

Tuscan < middle english Tuscan < italian Toscano < late latin Tuscanus (= belonging to the Tusci) < Tusci, a people of Italy < Tuscus < *Truscus < Etruscus < Etruria.

Ukraine < russian / polish Ukraina (= border, frontier) [so called from being as the southern frontier of Russia or Poland] < u- (= at) + krai (= edge).

Ulysses < latin Ulysses < Ulixes (= Odysseus), king of island Ithaca in Greece.

Ural < (?) 1. vogul urala (= mountain peak) < ur (= mountain) + ala (= peak, roof) or 2. tatar ural (= boundary).

Urania < latin Urania < ancient greek Ουρανία | Ourania < ουρανία, female of ουράνιος | ouranios (= heavenly) < ουρανός | ouranos (= heaven, sky).

Uranus < latin Uranus < ancient greek Ουρανός | Ouranos (= heaven, sky), a god, father of the Titans.

Ursa < old english Ursa < latin ursa (= she-bear).

Ursula < latin Ursula, a diminutive of ursa (= she-bear).

Uruguay < spanish Uruguay, a river < american indian uru (= bird) + guay (= tail).

Valencia < spanish Valencia < latin Valentia [Edetanorum] (= fort [of the Edetani]) < valentia (= strength, capacity) < valens, present participle of valeo [inf. valere] (= be well, be strong).

Valentine < middle english Valentine < late latin Valentinus < latin valentia (= strength, capacity) < valens, present participle of valeo [inf. valere] (= be well, be strong).

Valerie < french Valerie < latin Valeria, female of Valerius < valeo [inf. valere] (= be well, be strong).

Valkyrie < old norse valkyrja (= chooser of the slain) < valr (= those slain in battle) + kyrja (= chooser).

Vanessa < a pseudonym for Esther Vanhomrigh, a close friend of author Jonathan Swift [who coined it by rearranging the syllables and published it in his poem “Cadenus and Vanessa”].

Vaughan < welsh fychan < bychan (= small).

Venetian < middle english Venetian < medieval latin Venetianus < Venetia < Veneti, a people of Illyrian origin.

Venezuela < spanish Venezuela, a diminutive of Venecia (= Venice) [a name given by Spanish sailors, when they saw a village built on piles on lake Maracaibo] < medieval latin Venetia < Veneti, a people of Illyrian origin.

Venice < medieval latin Venetia < Veneti, a people of Illyrian origin.

Venus < old english Venus < latin Venus, the goddess of beauty and love < venus [gen. veneris] (= beauty, love, desire).

Vera < latin Vera < vera, female of verus (= true).

Verona < italian Verona < celtic Vernomago < verno (= elder tree) + mago (= field, place).

Veronica < french Veronique < ancient greek Βερενίκη | Bherenikē < φέρω | pherō (= bring) + νίκη | nikē (= victory).

Vesuvius < latin Vesuvius < 1. celtic *ves- (= mountain) or 2. oscan fesf (= smoke, steam).

Victoria < latin Victoria < victoria (= victory) < vinco [inf. vincere] (= to overcome, conquer).

Viking < old norse vikingr (= freebooter, sea-rover, pirate) < vik (= creek, inlet, small bay) [in reference to those who came from the fjords] or 2. related to old english wic (= village, camp) [in reference to temporary camps of the Viking raids].

Vincent < french Vincent < latin Vincentius < vincens [gen. vincentis], past participle of vinco [inf. vincere] (= to overcome, conquer).

Viola < latin viola (= violet, violet color).

Virgo < latin virgo [gen. virginis] (= virgin, maiden).

Vivian < latin Vivianus (= living, alive) < vivus (= alive).

Vladimir < old church slavonic Vladimiru < vlasti (= to rule over) (< I.E. *wal- (= to be strong)) + miru (= peace) (< proto-slavic *miru (= commune, joy, peace) < I.E. *mei-₍₄₎ (= to bind, tie)).

Wallach < german Wallache < old church slavonic Vlachu < old high german wahl (= foreigner, one speaking a foreign language).

Walloon < middle french Wallon (= foreigner) < germanic origin.

Wally < Walter < old french Waltier < proto-germanic *waldan (= to rule).

Walter < old french Waltier < proto-germanic *waldan (= to rule).

Waterloo < flemish Waterloo < water (= water) + loo (= sacred wood).

Wednesday < old english wodnesdæg (= Woden’s day) < Woden (= Odin), chief Teutonic god (< proto-germanic *Wodanaz) + dæg (< proto-germanic *dages- (= day)).

Welsh < old english Wielisc / Wylisc / Welisc / Wælisc (= foreign, British, Welsh, not free) < Wealh / Walh (= Celt, Briton, Welshman) < proto-germanic *Walkhiskaz < celtic source.

Whitsunday < old english Hwita Sunnandæg (= white Sunday) [(?) so called from the white baptismal robes of newly baptized on this day] < hwit (= bright, clear, fair) + sunna(n)dæg (= day of the sun) (< sunnan (< sunne (= sun)) + dæg (= day)).

Wilhelm < german Wilhelm < old high german Willahelm < willio (= will) (< proto-germanic *willjan) + helma (= helmet) (< proto-germanic *helmaz (= protective covering)).

William < old french Willaume < Guillaume < old high german willio (= will) (< proto-germanic *willjan) + helma (= helmet) (< proto-germanic *helmaz (= protective covering)).

Winfred < old english Winfrið (= friend of peace) < wine (= friend) (< proto-germanic *wennanan (= to seek to gain)) + friðu (= peace) (< I.E. *pri- (= to love)).

Xmas (= Christmas) [1551] < X’temmas < X (< ancient greek X (= khi [pronunciation]), as an abbreviation for Χριστός | Khristos (= Christ) [also Xρ- | Xr- for Chr-] + anglo-saxon Xres mæsse [= Christmas] {< ancient greek [Ιησούς] Χριστός | [Iēsous] Khristos (= the Anointed) < χρίω | khriō (= to rub, anoint) < I.E. *ghrei- (= to rub)}.

Yankee < (?) 1. dutch Janke (= Little John), a diminutive of Jan [1683, a nickname for English colonists by Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam (later New York) in neighboring Connecticut] or 2. Jan Kes (= John Cornelius) or 3. Jan Kees < Jan Kaas (= John Cheese) [a nickname for Dutchmen by Flemings].

Yemen < arabic Yemen (= the country of the south) < yaman (= right side [if facing at east]).

York < old english Eoforwic < Eborakon, related to Ebores, a tribe < celtic source.

Yugoslav < serbo-croatian jugo- (= south) (< jug (= south, south wind) < old church slavonic jugu (= south, south wind, noon)) + Slav (< old church slavonic Sloveninu (= a Slav)).

Zachariah < late latin Zacharias < ancient greek Ζαχαρίας | Zakharias < hebrew Zekharyahu (= the Lord has remembered) < zakhar (= he remembered) + Yah / Yoh, a shortening of Yahwah / Yahweh (= God).

Zanzibar < Zengi (= black), a local people + arabic barr (= coast, shore).

Zebulon < hebrew Zebhulun < zebhul (= a dwelling).

Zenobia < ancient greek Ζηνοβία | Zēnobhia (= force of Zeus) < Ζην | Zēn, poetic form of Ζευς | Zefs (= Zeus) [the master of gods] + βία | bhia (= strength, force).

Zeus < ancient greek Ζευς | Zefs [gen. Διός | Dhios] < I.E. *dewos- (= god) {> old persian daiva- (= demon), old church slavonic deivai, sanskrit deva-} < *dyeu- (= to shine).

Zimbabwe < bantu zimba we bahwe (= houses of stones) < zimba, plural of imba (= house) + bahwe (= stones).

Zion < old english Sion < ancient greek Σιών | Siōn < hebrew Tsiyon [a hill fortress in Jerusalem, the center of Jewish nation].

Zoe < ancient greek Ζωή | Zōē (= life) < ζήω, ζω | zēō, zō (= to live) < I.E. *g^wei- (= to live).

Zulu < bantu Zulu, a native name.

Zurich < german Zürich < late latin Turicum < (?) celtic *dur- (= water).